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Biology Final Study Guide > Chapter 6: Meiosis And Mendel (Mendelian Genetics) > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Meiosis And Mendel (Mendelian Genetics) Flashcards

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1
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Production of Gametes

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2
Q

Sperm

A

Male Gametes

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3
Q

Egg

A

Female Gametes

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4
Q

Polar Body

A

Small Haploid cell that is formed at the same time as an egg cells, but cannot be fertilized

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5
Q

Trait

A

Distinguished characteristics that are inherited
- Eye Color/Hair Color/Skin Color/Height

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6
Q

Genetics

A

Study of biology inheritance patterns and variation

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7
Q

Purebred

A

Genetically uniform
The parents bred within the species so they come out just like the rest of the species

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8
Q

Cross

A

Mating of two organisms
Mating of two organisms from different species so they come out with traits that are a blend of the two species

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9
Q

Law of segregation

A

Organisms inherit 2 copies of each genes, parents donate only 1 copy of each gene

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10
Q

Gene

A

Pieces of DNA that provide a set of instructions for the cell to make certain proteins

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11
Q

Allele

A

Alternate forms of genes
Cells have 2 alleles

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12
Q

Homozygous

A

Two of the same allele
- AA/BB/CC/DD aa/bb/cc/dd
2 Uppercase = Dominant
2 Lowercase = Recessive

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13
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two different alleles
- Aa/Bb/Cc/Dd
1 Uppercase, 1 Lowercase
Dominant

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14
Q

Genome

A

All of the organism’s genetic material

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15
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic Makeup of a set of Genes
- AA/Aa/aa

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16
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical characteristics
- Tall/Blue Eyes/Blonde Hair

17
Q

Dominant

A

When there is one or two Uppercase Allele present
- AA/Aa
Will show over recessive traits

18
Q

Recessive

A

Two lowercase letters
- aa
Dominant traits will show over recessive traits

19
Q

Punnet Squares

A

Grid system for all possible genotypes resulting in a cross

20
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

Crosses that inherit only 1 specific trait

21
Q

Test Cross

A

Cross between organism with unknown genotype and organism with recessive phenotype
- Offspring will tell the genotype of the unknown parent

22
Q

Dihybrid Cross

A

Crosses that inherit 2 different traits
- 8 crosses instead of 4

23
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Traits that are inherited separate

24
Q

Probability

A

Likelihood that a particular event will happen

25
Q

Crossing Over

A

Exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes

26
Q

Genetic Linkage

A

Genes close to each other on a chromosome tend to be inherited together

27
Q

What’s the difference between Gametes and Somatic Cells?

A

Somatic Cells are “Body cells” that make up most organs and tissues
Gametes are sex cells that pass on DNA

28
Q

How many chromosomes/chromosomal pairs do humans have?

A

Humans have 46 chromosomes and 46 pairs of chromosomes

29
Q

What type of Sex Chromosomes do Males and Females have

A

Males - XY
Female - XX

30
Q

What are the Stages of Meiosis (In order)

A

Meiosis 1- Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Cytokinesis 1
Meiosis 2- Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2, Cytokinesis 2

31
Q

What is the end stage of Meiosis 1/Meiosis 2

A

Meiosis 1- 2 unique haploid cells
Meiosis 2- 4 unique haploid cells

32
Q

What was Mendel’s research and what did he discover?

A

Crossbred pea plants
- Pea plants were genetically simple, easy to care for, and grew quickly
He discovered patterns of inheritance
- Discovered traits stay separate and do not blend

33
Q

What is the difference between genotype and Phenotype

A

A genotype is the genetic make up of someone (AA/Aa/aa)
A Phenotype os the physical characteristics shown (Blue Eyes/Brown Hair/Short)

34
Q

What is the difference between Homozygous and Heterozygous

A

Homozygous is two of the same alleles (AA/aa)
Heterozygous is two different alleles (Aa/Bb)

Biology Final Study Guide (9 decks)

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