Chapter 8 - Feeding And Eating Disorders and Sleep-wake Disorsers

Question 1

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 1

Eating disorder, primarily affecting young women, characterized by:

• maintenance of abnormally low body weight (BMI under 18)
• distortions of body image
• intense fear of gaining weight
• in females, amenorrhea

Question 2

Bulimia Nervosa

Answer 2

Eating disorder characterized by:

• a recurrent pattern of binge eating followed by self-induced purging
• accompanied by persistent over concern with body weight and shape

Question 3

Amenorrhea

Answer 3

Absence of menstruation - a possible symptom of anorexia Nervosa

Question 4

Osteoporosis

Answer 4

Physical disorder caused by calcium deficiency that is characterized by extreme brittleness of the bones (Greek osteon - “bone”, Latin porus - “pore”)

Question 5

Systems perspective

Answer 5

View that problems reflect the systems (family, social, school, ecological, etc.) in which they are embedded.

Question 6

Binge-eating disorder

Answer 6

A psychological disorder characterized by repeated episodes in which binge- eating occurs but is not followed by purging

Question 7

Pica

Answer 7

The persistent craving or eating of items that are not food, such as clay, dirt, stones, feces, paint chips, or plastic.

Question 8

Rumination Disorder

Answer 8

Type of eating disorder characterized by repeated eating, regurgitation, then re-chewing and re-eating of food

Question 9

Bigorexia/ reverse anorexia Nervosa/ muscle dysmorphia

Answer 9

Individuals with these disorders have a chronic preoccupation with the belief and insecurity that one is not muscular enough, accompanied by a variety of muscle-bulking strategies. This is common in body builders

Question 10

Feeding and eating disorders

Answer 10

Psychological disorders involving disturbed eating patterns and maladaptive ways of controlling body weight

Question 11

Sleep-wake disorders

Answer 11

Diagnostic category representing persistent or recurrent sleep-related problems that cause significant personal distress or impaired functioning

Question 12

Polysomnographic (PSG) recording

Answer 12

The simultaneous measurement of multiple physiological responses (brainwaves, eye movements, muscle movements, and respiration) during sleep or attempted sleep

Question 13

Dyssomnias

Answer 13

Category of sleep-wake disorders involving disturbances in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep (ex. Insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder)

Question 14

Parasomnias

Answer 14

Category of sleep-wake disorders involving the occurrence of abnormal behaviours or physiological events during sleep or at the transition between wakefulness and sleep (nightmare disorder, sleep terror disorder, and sleepwalking disorder)

Question 15

Insomnia

Answer 15

Term applying to difficulties falling asleep, remaining asleep, or achieving restorative sleep. Can be cause by anxiety or high stress levels.

Question 16

Hypersomnia

Answer 16

Condition relating to a pattern of excessive sleepiness during the day. Is a common side effect of depression and can result in excessive sleeping

Question 17

Narcolepsy

Answer 17

Sleep-wake disorder characterized by sudden, irresistible episodes of sleep (sleep attacks). These usually follow a strong emotional reaction such as joy or anger. Usually have an almost immediate transition into REM sleep from state of wakefulness

Question 18

Cataplexy

Answer 18

Brief, sudden loss of muscular control, typically lasting from a few seconds to as long as two minutes. Is one of the symptoms included in the diagnosis of narcolepsy.

Question 19

REM sleep

Answer 19

(Rapid eye movement) sleep is the stage of sleep associated with dreaming that is characterized by the appearance of rapid eye movement under closed eyelids. Hypocretin neurotransmitter is involved in arousal and wakefulness.

Question 20

Neuropeptide

Answer 20

An amino acid found in cerebrospinal fluid that plays a role in neuronal transmission and the modulation of brain circuits or regions

Question 21

Breathing-related sleep disorder

Answer 21

Sleep disorder in which sleeping is repeatedly disrupted due to difficulties breathing normally (i.e. Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea)

Question 22

Apnea

Answer 22

Temporary cessation of breathing - obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea may cause individual to stop breathing for periods of 15-90 seconds as many as 30 times an hour, or more, in severe cases.

Question 23

Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder (sleep-wake schedule disorder)

Answer 23

Sleep disorder characterized by disruption of sleep due to a mismatch in sleep schedules between the body’s internal sleep-wake cycle and the demands of the environment

Question 24

Nightmare disorder (dream anxiety disorder)

Answer 24

Sleep-wake disorder characterized by recurrent awakenings from sleep due to the occurrence of fright being nightmares.

Occurs during REM sleep, when individual is paralyzed

Question 25

Sleep terror disorder

Answer 25

Sleep disorder characterized by repeated episodes of sleep terror resulting in abrupt awakenings (tend to occur is first 1/3 of nightly sleep and during deep non-REM sleep)

Question 26

Sleepwalking disorder

Answer 26

Type of sleep disorder involving repeated episodes of sleepwalking (occurs in deeper stages of sleep when there is an absence of dreaming - non-REM 4)

Question 27

Anxiolytics

Answer 27

Drugs, such as sedatives and anaesthetics, that induce partial or complete unconsciousness and are commonly used in the treatment of sleep-wake disorders - can become addictive, rebound insomnia may become an issue

Question 28

Medical complications of anorexia

Answer 28

• Menstrual irregularities
• muscular weakness
• abnormal growth of bones
• estimated 5% -8% mortality rate

Question 29

Causes of Anorexia and bulimia

Answer 29

Sociocultural - pressure to achieve an unrealistic standard of thinness or an ideal body shape

Psychological -high perfectionist if attitudes and comorbidity with psychological disorders (ex. borderline)

Family - conflicts and issues of autonomy

Biological -genetic predisposition

Question 30

Medical complications of bulimia

Answer 30

• irritations of the skin around the mouth due to frequent contact with stomach acid
• blockage of salary ducts
• decay of tooth enamel and dental cavities
• pancreatitis and muscular weakness
• cardiac irregularities
• sudden death (can occur when engaging in intense physical activity too soon after purging)

Question 31

Treatment of anorexia and bulimia

Answer 31

• nutrition management
• family interventions
• cognitive-behavioural therapy
• interpersonal psychotherapy

Question 32

Biological treatment of sleep-wake disorders

Answer 32

• anxiolytic drugs for insomnia
• stimulant drugs for narcolepsy
• surgery and assistive devices for sleep apnea

Question 33

Psychological approaches for sleep-wake disorders

Answer 33

• focus on directly lowering states of physiological arousal
• modifying maladaptive sleeping habits
• changing dysfunctional thoughts