Chapter 10 - Schizophrenia Spectrum And Other Psyhotic Disorders

Question 1

Four A’s

Answer 1

In Bleuler’s view, the primary characteristics of schizophrenia:

• associations (loose)
• affect (blunted or inappropriate)
• ambivalence
• autism

Question 2

Associations

Answer 2

Linkages or relationships among thoughts or utterances (one of the four A’s in Bleuler’s view - i.e. Loose association)

Question 3

Affect

Answer 3

Emotion or feeling state is attached to objects, ideas, or life experiences (one of the four A’s in Bleuler’s view - i.e. Flattened or inappropriate affect)

Question 4

Ambivalence

Answer 4

A state in which a person holds conflicting feelings toward others, such as loving and hating a person at the same time (one of the four A’s in Bleuler’s view)

Question 5

Autism

Answer 5

1) An absorption into daydreaming and fantasy
2) a disorder in childhood characterized by:

• failure to relate to others
• lack of speech
• disturbed motor behaviours
• intellectual impairment
• demands for sameness in environment

(Described as one of the four A’s -primary characteristics - of Bleuler’s view of schizophrenia)

Question 6

First-rank symptoms

Answer 6

In Kurt Schneider’s view, the primary features of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions (auditory, sight, touch, smell) that distinctly characterize the disorder

Question 7

Second-rank symptoms

Answer 7

In Schneider’s view, symptoms associated with schizophrenia that all occur in other psychological disorders (i.e. mood disturbances and confused thinking)

Question 8

Prodromal phase

Answer 8

1) stage in which early features or signs of a disorder become apparent
2) in schizophrenia, the period of decline in functioning that precedes the development of the first acute psychotic episode (characterized by waning interest in social activities and increased difficulty in meeting responsibilities of daily life)

Question 9

Residual phase

Answer 9

In schizophrenia, the phase of the disorder that follows an acute phase, characterized by a return to a level of functioning typical of the prodromal phase

Question 10

Thought disorder

Answer 10

Disturbances in thinking characterized by various feature, especially a breakdown in logical associations between thoughts

Question 11

Neologisms

Answer 11

Type of disturbed thinking associated with schizophrenia involving the coining of new words

Question 12

Perseveration

Answer 12

Persistent repetition of the same thought or train of thought

Question 13

Clanging

Answer 13

In people with schizophrenia, the tendency to string words together because they rhyme or sound alike

Question 14

Blocking

Answer 14

1) disruption of self-expression of threatening or emotionally laden material
2) in people with schizophrenia, a condition of suddenly becoming silent with loss of memory for what they have just discussed

Question 15

Stupor

Answer 15

State of relative or complete unconciousness in which a person is not generally aware of or responsive to the environment, as in a catatonic stupor

Question 16

Positive symptoms

Answer 16

The more flagrant features of schizophrenia characterized by the presence of abnormal behaviour such as:

• hallucinations
• delusions
• thought disorder
• disorganized speech
• inappropriate affect

Type I schizophrenia is characterized by these symptoms

Question 17

Negative symptoms

Answer 17

Features of schizophrenia characterized by the absence of normal behaviour. Negative symptoms are deficits or behavioural deficiencies, such as:

• social-skills deficits
• social withdrawal
• flattened affect
• poverty of speech and thought
• psychomotor retardation
• failure to experience pleasure in pleasant activities

Type II schizophrenia is characterized by these symptoms

Question 18

Premorbid functioning

Answer 18

Level of functioning before the onset of a disorder

Question 19

Cross-fostering study

Answer 19

Method of determining heritability of a trait or disorder by examining differences in prevalence among adoptees reared by either adoptive parents or biological parents who possess the trait or disorder in question.

Evidence that the disorder followed biological rather than Adoptive parentage favours the heritability of the trait or disorder

Question 20

Dopamine theory

Answer 20

Biochemical theory of schizophrenia that proposes that schizophrenia involves the action of dopamine (I.e. Over reactivity of dopamine receptors in the brain - don’t appear to produce more, but rather simply use more)

Question 21

Hippocampus

Answer 21

One of a pair of structures in the limbic system that are involved in process of memory

Question 22

Amygdala

Answer 22

One of a pair of almond-shaped structures in the limbic system that are involved in emotion and memory

Question 23

Schizophrenia

Answer 23

Enduring psychosis that involves:

• failure to maintain integrated personality functioning
• impaired reality testing
• disturbances in thinking

Common features include:

• delusions
• hallucinations
• flattened or inappropriate affect
• bizarre behaviour

Question 24

Schizophrenogenic mother

Answer 24

Type of mother, described as cold but also overprotective, who was believed to be capable of causing schizophrenia in her children. Research has failed to support the validity of this concept

Question 25

Double-bind communications

Answer 25

Pattern of communication involving the transmission of contradictory or mixed messages with out acknowledgment of the inherent conflict; posited by some theorists to play a role in the development of schizophrenia

(Whatever the child does, they are wrong)

Question 26

Tardive dyskinesia (TD)

Answer 26

Movement disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the face, mouth, neck, trunk, or extremities caused by long-term use of antipsychotic (neuroleptic, and possibly new generation) medications

More common in woman and older people

Question 27

Main types of schizophrenia symptoms

Answer 27

• psychotic dimension (hallucinations and delusions)
• negative dimension (flat affect and poverty of speech and thought)
• disorganized dimension (inappropriate affect and disorganized thought and speech)

Question 28

Schizophrenia according to the psychodynamic perspective

Answer 28

Schizophrenia is the overwhelming of the ego by the is, producing intrapsychic conflict and regression yo an early period called primary narcissism

Question 29

Schizophrenia according to a learning- based perspective

Answer 29

People may learn to “emit” schizophrenic behaviours and never learn to respond appropriately to social stimuli

Question 30

Schizophrenia according to a biological perspective

Answer 30

Genetic factors - evidence suggests it is influenced by specifically points to interaction of multiple genes

Biochemical factors - “dopamine theory” proses that people with schizophrenia have a greater than normal number of dopamine receptors, and /or these receptors are overly sensitive to dopamine

Brain abnormalities - shown to have less activity in frontal lobes, enlarged ventricles, degeneration of brain tissue

Question 31

Schizophrenia from a family theories perspective

Answer 31

Communication deviance - patterns of communication characterized by unclear, vague, disruptive, or fragmented parental communication (i.e. Double-bind communication)

Expressed emotion - tendency of family members to be hostile, critical, and unsupportive of schizophrenic family members

Question 32

Biological approach to the Treatment of Schizophrenia

Answer 32

• major tranquilizers or neuroleptic a have revolutionized treatment
• new-generation drugs - atypical antipsychotic drugs- control symptoms with fewer neurological side effects

Question 33

Psychoanalytical approach to the treatment of schizophrenia

Answer 33

Psychodynamic therapies for treating schizophrenia are not warranted; patients cannot form meaningful relationship with therapies

Question 34

Learning-based approach to the treatment of schizophrenia

Answer 34

Interventions have been shown effective in modifying schizophrenic behaviour and improving social functioning

Question 35

Psychosocial rehabilitation of schizophrenia as treatment

Answer 35

Social skills training combined with cognitive-behavioural treatment shows improved adjustment to community life

Question 36

Family intervention programs for the treatment of schizophrenia

Answer 36

Family intervention programs focusing on the practical aspects of everyday living have been shown to reduce relapse among schizophrenic patients

Question 37

Early intervention programs for schizophrenia patients

Answer 37

1) intimate treatment as early as possible once schizophrenia has developed
2) intervene before the onset of schizophrenia