Chapter 7 - Substance-related and addictive disorders Flashcards
Substance use disorder
Patterns of maladaptive behaviour involving the use of a psychoactive substance
Substance-induced disorders
Disorders induced by the use of psychoactive substances, including intoxication, withdrawal syndromes, mood disorders, selenium, and amnesia
Psychoactive
Describing chemical substances or drugs that have psychological effects
Intoxication
State of drunkenness
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat
Delirium tremens (DT)
Withdrawal syndrome that often occurs following a sudden decrease or cessation of drinking in chronic alcoholics that is characterized by extreme restlessness, sweating, disorientation, and hallucinations
Delirium
1) state of mental confusion, disorientation, and extreme difficulty in focusing attention
2) a syndrome occurring among the elderly that typically involves confusion, problems with concentration, and cognitive dysfunction
Disorientation
State of mental confusion or lack of awareness with respect to time, place, or identity of oneself or others
Addiction
Impaired control over the use of a chemical substance accompanied by psychological dependence
Bio - physiological dependance, you body beats you up with out it
Psycho - negative reinforcement, nothing is fun unless high
Social - effects of peer group drug use
Physiological dependence
State of physical dependence on a drug in which the user’s body comes to depend on a steady supply
Psychological dependence
Reliance, as on a substance, although one may not be physiologically dependant
Depressant
Drug that lowers the level of activity of the central nervous system (ex. Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates)
Korsakoff’s syndrome (aka. Alcohol-induced persisting amnestic disorder)
Form of brain damage associated with chronic thiamine deficiency. The syndrome is associated with chronic alcoholism and characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and tendency to invent memories to replace lost ones (confabulation)
Barbiturates
Types of depressant drugs that are sometimes used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep but that are highly addictive (amobarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, and secobarbital)
Sedatives
Types of depressant drug that reduce state of tension and restlessness and induce sleep
Opiates
Types of depressant drug with strong addictive properties that are derived from the opium poppy; provide feelings of euphoria and relief from pain (morphine, Heroin, and codeine)
Narcotics
Drugs , such as opiates, that are used for pain relief and treatment of insomnia, but which have strong addictive potential
Analgesia
State of relief from pain with out loss of consciousness
Tylenol, aspirin, and other pain medication provide this
Endorphins
Natural substances that function as neurotransmitters in the brain and are similar in their effects to morphine.
Amphetamines
Type of synthetic stimulants, such as Dexedrine and Benzedrine. Abuse can trigger an amphetamine psychosis that mimics acute episodes of schizophrenia
Amphetamine psychosis
Psychotic state induced by ingestion of amphetamines (street names include speed, uppers, and bennies, dexies, and meth)
Cocaine
Stimulant derived from coca leaves
Crack
Hardened, smokable form of cocaine - may contain 75% pure cocaine
Freebasing
Method of ingesting cocaine by means of heating the drug with ether to sewerage its most potent component (it’s “free base”) and then smoking the extract
Hallucinogens or psychedelics
Substances (class of drugs) that give rise to hallucinations and sensory distortions (i.e. LSD, phencyclidine, marijuana)
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
A powerful hallucinogenic drug - decreases action of serotonin and increases utilization of of dopamine
Flashbacks
1) vivid re-experiencing of a past event, which may be difficult to distinguish from current reality
2) experiences of sensory distortions or hallucinations occurring days or weeks after use of LSD or another hallucinogenic drug that mimic the drug’s effects
Marijuana
A mild or minor hallucinogen derived from the cannabis sativa plant
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannobinol (THC)
Major active ingredient in marijuana (found in branches and leaves of plant and in high concentration in resin of female plant)
Hashish (hash)
Drug derived from the resin of the marijuana plant, cannabis sativa
Cue-exposure training
Treatment used for people with substance-related disorders; it involves exposure to cues associated with ingestion of drugs or alcoholic beverages in a controlled situation in which the person is prevented from using the drug
Learning how to manage urges brought on be cues by first starting in controlled setting a
Detoxification
Process of ridding the system of alcohol or drugs under supervised conditions in which symptoms can be monitored and controlled
Methadone
Used to treat heroin addictions. Artificial narcotic (synthetic opiate) that lacks the rush associated with heroin and that is used to help people addicted to heroin abstain without incurring an abstinence syndrome.
Naloxone
Drug that prevents users from becoming high if they subsequently take heroin. Some people are place on naloxone after being withdrawn from heroin to prevent return to heroin
Naltrexone
Chemical cousin of naloxone that blocks the high from alcohol as well as opiates and is now approved for use in treating alcoholism
Al-Anon (Alcoholics Anonymous)
Organization sponsoring support groups for family members of people with alcoholism
Aversive conditioning (aversion therapy)
Behaviour therapy technique in which a maladaptive response is paired with exposure to an aversive stimulus, such as electric shock or nausea, so that conditioned aversion develops towards the stimulus associated with the maladaptive response
Relapse
Recurrence of a problem behaviour or disorder
Relapse- prevention training
Cognitive-behavioural technique used in the treatment of addictive behaviours that involves the use of behavioural and cognitive strategies to resist temptations and prevent lapses from becoming relapses
*helping individuals be aware of their responses to relapse
Abstinence-violation effect (AVE)
Tendency in people trying to maintain abstinence from a substance, such as alcohol or cigarettes, to overreact to a lapse with feelings of guilt and a sense of resignation that may then trigger a full-blown relapse
Controlled social drinking
Controversial approach to treating problem drinkers in which the goal of treatment is the maintenance of controlled social drinking in moderate amounts, rather than total abstinence.
Withdrawal syndrome
Characteristic cluster of withdrawal symptoms following the sudden reduction or abrupt cessation of use of a psychoactive substance after physiological dependence has developed
Substance use disorders
- repeated drugs use = damaging consequences
- may become substance dependance
- physiological signs of dependance (tolerance or withdrawal)
- compulsive use (lack of control over substance use)
Substance-induced disorders
When induced by psychoactive substances:
- intoxication
- withdrawal symptoms
- mood disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders
- delirium, dementia, amnesia
- sexual dysfunction, sleep disorders
