Chapter 8 - Exercise Metabolism and Bioenergetics Flashcards
All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself. The process in which nutrients are acquired, transported, used, and disposed of by the body.
Metabolism
The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise.
Exercise Metabolism
The material or substance on which an enzyme acts. Dietary food broken down into smaller by-products.
Substrates
(Examples: Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids (fats) constitute the main used to transfer metabolic energy to be used for all types of cellular activity and life.)
Organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which include starches, cellulose, and sugars, and are an important source of energy. All are eventually broken down in the body to glucose, a simple sugar.
Carbohydrates
A simple sugar manufactured by the body from carbohydrates, fat, an to a lesser extent protein, which serves as the body’s main source of fuel.
Glucose
The complex carbohydrate molecule used to store carbohydrates in the liver and muscle cells.
Glycogen
(When carbohydrate energy is needed, glycogen is converted into glucose for use by the muscle cells. A string of glucose molecules that can rapidly be broken down into glucose and used for energy during periods of prolonged or intense exercise.)
One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy in the body. Help the body use vitamins and keeps the skin healthy. They also serve as energy stores for the body.
Fat
In food, there are two types of fats, saturated and unsaturated.
The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body. Derived from fats eaten in foods or made from other energy sources such as carbohydrates.
Triglycerides
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds, which consist of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and usually sulfur, and that have several essential biologic compounds. Rarely supplies much energy during exercise and in many descriptions is ignored as a significant source of fuel for energy metabolism.
Protein
When protein becomes a significant source of fuel is starvation.
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids (proteins). During negative energy balance (ie. low-calorie diet), amino acids are used to assist with energy production (usually during starvation).
Gluconeogenesis
A high-energy compound/molecule that stores energy (to be used in cellular and mechanical work including exercise) and is a transfer unit within the cells of the body.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Only about 40% of the energy released from ATP is actually used for cellular work, the remainder is heat.
A high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is formed.
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
What are the three metabolic ways that cells can generate ATP?
- The ATP-PC System
- The glycolytic system (glycolysis)
- The oxidative system (oxidative phosphorylation)
An anaerobic means of producing ATP through a chemical breakdown of glucose.
Glycolysis
The process of using substrates with the aid of oxygen to generate ATP
Oxidative System (Oxidative Phosphorylation)
The most complex of the energy systems for generating ATP
What are the 3 oxidative/aerobic systems
- Aerobic Glycolysis -Uses O2 to form Pyruvic Acid
- The Krebs Cycle - Pyruvic Acid converted into Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA) and oxidized to produce 2 units of ATP and by-products CO2 and hydrogen, hydrogen then is combined with other enzymes
- The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) - first two processes then provide energy for the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP
The breakdown of triglycerides (fats) into smaller subunits called free fatty acids (FFAs) to convert FFAs into Acetyl-CoA molecules, which then are available to enter the Krebs Cycle and ultimately lead to the production of additional ATP.
Beta Oxidation
Beta oxidation requires more oxygen to produce ATP
The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise
Excess Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)
The amount of carbon dioxide expired divided by the amount of oxygen consumed, measured during rest or at a steady state of exercise using a metabolic analyzer.
Respiratory Quotient (RQ)
Can be used to estimate fuel contribution during exercise fats vs carbs
The process of creating a new ATP molecule from a phosphocreatine molecule
ATP-PC System
- Simplest and fastest energy system and occurs without the presence of oxygen (anaerobic)
- Energy for primarily high-intensity, short-duration bouts of exercise or activity.
- Lasts approximately 5-10 seconds duration
- Activated at the onset of energy, regardless of intensity, bc of its ability to produce energy very rapidly in comparison with the other systems
The study of energy how energy is transformed in the human body through various biochemical reactions.
Bioenergetics
