Chapter 8 - Exercise Metabolism and Bioenergetics

Question 1

All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself. The process in which nutrients are acquired, transported, used, and disposed of by the body.

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise.

Answer 2

Exercise Metabolism

Question 3

The material or substance on which an enzyme acts. Dietary food broken down into smaller by-products.

Answer 3

Substrates

(Examples: Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids (fats) constitute the main used to transfer metabolic energy to be used for all types of cellular activity and life.)

Question 4

Organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which include starches, cellulose, and sugars, and are an important source of energy. All are eventually broken down in the body to glucose, a simple sugar.

Answer 4

Carbohydrates

Question 5

A simple sugar manufactured by the body from carbohydrates, fat, an to a lesser extent protein, which serves as the body’s main source of fuel.

Answer 5

Glucose

Question 6

The complex carbohydrate molecule used to store carbohydrates in the liver and muscle cells.

Answer 6

Glycogen

(When carbohydrate energy is needed, glycogen is converted into glucose for use by the muscle cells. A string of glucose molecules that can rapidly be broken down into glucose and used for energy during periods of prolonged or intense exercise.)

Question 7

One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy in the body. Help the body use vitamins and keeps the skin healthy. They also serve as energy stores for the body.

Answer 7

Fat

In food, there are two types of fats, saturated and unsaturated.

Question 8

The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body. Derived from fats eaten in foods or made from other energy sources such as carbohydrates.

Answer 8

Triglycerides

Question 9

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds, which consist of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and usually sulfur, and that have several essential biologic compounds. Rarely supplies much energy during exercise and in many descriptions is ignored as a significant source of fuel for energy metabolism.

Answer 9

Protein

When protein becomes a significant source of fuel is starvation.

Question 10

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids (proteins). During negative energy balance (ie. low-calorie diet), amino acids are used to assist with energy production (usually during starvation).

Answer 10

Gluconeogenesis

Question 11

A high-energy compound/molecule that stores energy (to be used in cellular and mechanical work including exercise) and is a transfer unit within the cells of the body.

Answer 11

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Only about 40% of the energy released from ATP is actually used for cellular work, the remainder is heat.

Question 12

A high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is formed.

Answer 12

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

Question 13

What are the three metabolic ways that cells can generate ATP?

Answer 13

1. The ATP-PC System
2. The glycolytic system (glycolysis)
3. The oxidative system (oxidative phosphorylation)

Question 14

An anaerobic means of producing ATP through a chemical breakdown of glucose.

Answer 14

Glycolysis

Question 15

The process of using substrates with the aid of oxygen to generate ATP

Answer 15

Oxidative System (Oxidative Phosphorylation)

The most complex of the energy systems for generating ATP

Question 16

What are the 3 oxidative/aerobic systems

Answer 16

1. Aerobic Glycolysis -Uses O2 to form Pyruvic Acid
2. The Krebs Cycle - Pyruvic Acid converted into Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA) and oxidized to produce 2 units of ATP and by-products CO2 and hydrogen, hydrogen then is combined with other enzymes
3. The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) - first two processes then provide energy for the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

Question 17

The breakdown of triglycerides (fats) into smaller subunits called free fatty acids (FFAs) to convert FFAs into Acetyl-CoA molecules, which then are available to enter the Krebs Cycle and ultimately lead to the production of additional ATP.

Answer 17

Beta Oxidation

Beta oxidation requires more oxygen to produce ATP

Question 18

The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise

Answer 18

Excess Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

Question 19

The amount of carbon dioxide expired divided by the amount of oxygen consumed, measured during rest or at a steady state of exercise using a metabolic analyzer.

Answer 19

Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

Can be used to estimate fuel contribution during exercise fats vs carbs

Question 20

The process of creating a new ATP molecule from a phosphocreatine molecule

Answer 20

ATP-PC System

• Simplest and fastest energy system and occurs without the presence of oxygen (anaerobic)
• Energy for primarily high-intensity, short-duration bouts of exercise or activity.
• Lasts approximately 5-10 seconds duration
• Activated at the onset of energy, regardless of intensity, bc of its ability to produce energy very rapidly in comparison with the other systems

Question 21

The study of energy how energy is transformed in the human body through various biochemical reactions.

Answer 21

Bioenergetics