Chapter 7 - Human Movement Science Flashcards
What are the primary scapular movements?
- Retraction (adduction)
- Protraction (abduction)
- Elevation
- Depression
What are the three primary muscle actions?
- Isotonic (eccentric and concentric)
- Isometric
- Isokinetic
What are the three parts of the muscle action spectrum?
Concentric acceleration
Eccentric acceleration
Isometric stabilization
Movements in all directions
multiplanar movements
The muscle that acts as the initial and main source of motive power.
Prime Mover
The study of applying laws of mechanics and physics to determine how forces affect human movement and to better predict performance in athletic events.
Concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.
Biomechanics
Positioned above a point of reference.
Superior
Positioned below a point of reference.
Inferior
Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference.
Proximal
Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference.
Distal
On the front of the body (usually point of reference is anatomic position).
Anterior (or ventral)
On the back of the body (usually point of reference is anatomic position).
Posterior (or dorsal)
Positioned near the middle of the body (usually point of reference is anatomic position).
Medial
Positioned on the opposite side of the body.
Contralateral.
Movement in a plane occurs on an axis running perpendicular to the plane.
Joint motion
The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward.
Anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, abduction and adduction apply to the body when it is in this position.
Anatomic position
-An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.
-Occurs around Coronal Axis
-Movement: flexion and extension.
-Examples:
*bicep curls, triceps pushdowns, squats, front lunges, calf raises, walking, running, vertical jump, climbing stairs, shooting a basketball.
Sagittal plane
A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.
Flexion
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.
Extension
-An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves.
-Occurs around an anterior-posterior axis
-Movements: abduction and adduction
-Examples:
* side lateral raises, side lunges, side shuffling
Frontal plane
- A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body (usually point of reference is anatomic position).
- An increase in the angle between two adjoining segments, but the frontal plane
- Example: side bend (lateral flexion of spine) away from midline
Abduction
- Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body (usually point of reference is anatomic position).
- A decrease in the angle between two adjoining segments, but in the frontal plane.
- Example: Shoulder (moves hand from above head back down to side next to hip)
Adduction
-An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.
-Occurs around a longitudinal or vertical axis
-Movements: internal and external rotation (of limbs), right and left rotation (head and trunk), horizontal abduction and adduction of the limbs, radioulnar (forearm) pronation and supination.
Examples:
Cable trunk rotations, dumbbell chest fly, throwing a ball, throwing a frisbee, and swinging a bat.
Transverse plane
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.
Internal rotation
Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.
External rotation
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.
Horizontal abduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.
Horizontal adduction
Adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline (closer together).
Scapular retraction
Abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline (away from each other).
Scapular protraction
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula (shoulder blades move downwards).
Scapular depression
Upward (and superior) motion of the scapula (shoulder blades move upwards towards the ears).
Scapular elevation
- Constant muscle tension
- Force is produced, muscle tension develops, and movement occurs through a given range of motion.
- Two types: Eccentric and Concentric
Isotonic muscle action
- Occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.
- Occurs because the contractile force is less than the resistive force
- “Return to resting length” not actually increasing length as though being stretched.
- Synonymous with deceleration (like bench press, the weight of the bar must be decelerated and then stabilized to be properly accelerated.)
- Known as “a negative”
Eccentric muscle action
- When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle and visible joint movement.
- Synonymous with acceleration
- Examples: jumping upward, and the “lifting” phase during resistance training exercise.
Concentric muscle action
- When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.
- Example: when an individual pauses during a resistance training exercise in between the lifting and lowering phases.
Isometric muscle action
- When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion.
- The tension in the muscle is at its maximum throughout the whole range of motion.
- Believed to improve strength, endurance, and neuromuscular efficiency.
- Requires use of expensive, sophisticated equipment that measures the force generated by the muscles and adjusts the resistance (load) so that no matter how much muscle tension is produced, movement remains constant (the harder you push, the more resistance/heavier it feels)
Isokinetic muscle action
- An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.
- Characterized by magnitude (how much) and direction (which way they are moving)
Force
- The resting length of a muscle and the tension of the muscle can produce at this resting length.
- There is an optimal muscle length when actin and myosin filaments have the greatest degree of overlap in sarcomere = potential, for maximal force production of that muscle.
- Lengthening beyond optimal, then stimulating it reduces overlap reducing force production.
- Shortening muscle too much then stimulating it creates maximal overlap and allows no further movement to occur between filaments, reducing force output.
- If muscle lengths are altered (ex. misaligned joints = bad posture), then they will not generate the needed force to allow for efficient movement.
Length-tension relationship
- The relationship of muscle’s ability to produce tension at differing shortening velocities.
- As velocity of concentric muscle increases, ability to produce force decreases (results thought to be bc overlapping filament may interfere with its ability to form cross-bridges with myosin)
- As velocity of eccentric muscle action increases, the ability to develop force increases (results thought to be bc elastic component of the connective tissue surrounding and within the muscle).
Force-velocity curve
- Synergistic action of muscles (muscle groups moving together) to produce movement around a joint.
- Provide divergent pulls on the bones or bones they connect with
- Due to the different attachment sites of each muscle, muscles create pulls at a different angle leading to different forces on the joint.
- The motion depends on the structure of the joint and the collective pull of each muscle involved.
- Can only occur if the muscles are at the right length-tension relationships and the joints have proper arthrokinematics (joint motion), thus allowing proper sensorimotor integration and ultimately proper and efficient movement.
Force-couple relationships
Movement of levers (bones) that rotate around the axis (joints).
Rotary motion
- A force that produces rotation (the turning effect of a joint in a rotary motion).
- Common unit is the newton-meter or Nm.
- Determined by distance that the weight is from the center of the joint and the muscle’s attachment and the line of pull (direction tension is being applied through tendon) is from the joint will determine efficiency with which muscles manipulate the movement.
- The closer the weight is to the point of rotation (joint), the less torque it creates.
- The farther the weight is from the point of rotation, the more torque it creates.
Torque
- Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.
- The study of this behavior examines the manner by which the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems interact to produce movement using sensory information from internal and external environments.
- A collective study of motor control, motor learning, and motor development.
Motor behavior
- The study of posture and movements with the involved structures and mechanisms used by the CNS to assimilate and integrate sensory information with previous experiences.
- Concerned with what CNS structures are involved with motor behavior to produce movement.
- How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.
Motor control
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.
Motor learning
The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout one’s lifespan.
Motor development
- Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement.
- Simplifies movement by allowing muscles and joints to operate as a functional unit.
- Through practice of proper movement patterns (proper exercise technique), these synergies become more fluent and automated (muscle memory?).
Muscle synergies
- The cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors (muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ, and joint receptors) that provide information about body position, movement, and sensation as it pertains to muscle and joint force.
- Vital source for the CNS to gather info about environment to produce most efficient movement
- Altered after injury.
Proprioception
- The ability of the nervous system to gather and interpret sensory information and select and execute the proper motor response.
- The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing the movement.
- Implies that the nervous system dictates movement.
- It is very important to use the correct technique
Continuous performance of the chest press while rounding and elevating shoulders, can lead to:
- Altered length-tension relationships of muscles (altered muscle length)
- Altered force-couple relationships of muscles (improper recruitment pattern of muscles)
- Altered arthrokinematics (improper joint motion)
- Ultimately leads to shoulder impingement or other forms of muscle injury.
Sensorimotor integration
The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the HMS in the development of permanent neural representations of motor patterns/motor learning.
Feedback
What are the three imaginary planes the body is divided into?
- Sagittal Plane
- Frontal Plane
- Transverse Plane
- The process whereby sensory information is used by the body via length-tension relationships (posture), force-couple relationships, and arthrokinematics to reactively monitor movement and the environment.
- Acts as a guide, steering HMS to the proper force, speed, and amplitude of movement patterns.
Internal feedback
-Information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to help supplement the internal feedback.
Two major forms:
- Knowledge of Results: used after completion of a movement to help inform a client about the outcome of the performance. Helps increase clients’ awareness and augment other forms of sensory feedback, leading to more effective exercise technique. Improves neuromuscular efficiency.
- Knowledge of Performance: provides information about the quality of the movement during a exercise. Helps client get involved with his/her own sensory process.
External feedback
Positioned on the same side of the body.
Ipsilateral
Positioned toward the outside of the body (usually point of reference is anatomic position).
Lateral
Extension of a joint beyond normal limit or range of motion.
hyperextension
Give examples of common force-couples.
- Muscles: internal and external obliques
Movement: trunk rotation - Muscles: upper trapezius and the lower portion of the serratus anterior
Movement: upward rotation of the scapula - Muscles: gluteus maximus, quadriceps, and calf rotation
Movement: produce hip and knee extension during walking, running, stair climbing, etc. - Muscles: gastrocnemius, peroneus longus, and tibialis posterior
Movement: performing plantarflexion at the foot and ankle complex - Muscles: deltoid and rotator cuff
Movement: performing shoulder abduction
Describe the basic principle of levers in regard to muscle motion in the Human Movement System (HMS).
*Fulcrum is the joint axis
*Bones are the levers
*Muscles create motion (effort)
*Resistance can be the weight of the body part, or the weight of an object
(barbells and Dumbbells)
Give examples of first, second, and third-class levers in the HMS.
- Fulcrum in middle like a seesaw (nodding head - top of spinal column is fulcrum).
- Have resistance in the middle with fulcrum and effort on either side like a load in a wheelbarrow (push-up or calf raise - ball of foot fulcrum, body weight is resistance, effort applied by calf musculature).
- Have effort placed between resistance and the fulcrum, effort travels a shorter distance and must be greater than resistance, most limbs in human body operate as third class levers (forearm- fulcrum is elbow, the effort is applied by the bicep muscle, the load is in the hand like dumbbell when performing bicep curl).
When a muscle is automatically activated in anticipation of a movement
Feed-forward activation
Distal segments, such as hands or feet, are fixed and remain in contact with a stationary surface
(Pull ups, Push ups, Squats, Lunges)
Closed-Chain Movements
Distal segments, such as hands and feed, are not fixed, and they are free to move in space
(Lat pulldown, biceps curl, leg curl, leg extension)
Open-Chain movements
When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce
Altered length-tension relationship
When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen
Reciprocal inhibition
Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist
Altered reciprocal-inhibition
Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction
Stretch-shortening cycle
Springlike noncontractile component of muscle and tendon that stores elastic energy
Series elastic component
The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle
Amortization phase
Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening
Stretch reflex
To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically)
Integrated performance paradigm
Muscular stabilization systems located in joints distal of the spine
(Rotator cuff of the shoulder is a group of muscles functioning in a similar manner to provide stabilization support for the shoulder joint)
Joint support systems
Includes muscles of the lower leg, hamstrings, and lower back region
Deep Longitudinal Subsystem (DLS)
Made up of the latissimus dorsi, thoracolumbar fascia (connective tissue of the low-back), and contralateral gluteus maximus
Posterior Oblique Subsystem (POS)
Include the obliques, the adductor (inner) thigh muscles, and the hip external rotators
Anterior Oblique Subsystem (AOS)
Made up of the lateral hip (gluteus medius) and medial thigh muscles (adductors) and the contralateral quadratus lumborum
Lateral Subsystem (LS)
The ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the body’s structure in all three planes of motion
Neuromuscular Efficiency
