Chapter 12 - Posture, Movement, and Performance Assessments Flashcards
When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.
Muscle imbalance
An assessment that challenges the upper extremities and trunk during a pulling movement to identify movement impairments and potential muscle imbalances.
Pulling assessment
A performance assessment designed to test maximal jump height and lower extremity power.
Vertical Jump Assessment.
When elevated neural drive causes a muscle to be held in a chronic state of contraction.
Overactive muscles
An excessive curve or arch in the lumbar spine associated with back pain.
Lumbar Lordosis
Describe the pushing assessment lateral view.
View the LPHC, shoulders, cervical spine, and head from the side. The lumbar and cervical spine should remain neutral while the shoulders stay level. Common movement impairments that may be observed include low-back arches, shoulder elevation, and head jutting forward.
Describe the pulling assessment movement.
- The client should pull the handle toward their body and return to the starting position.
- The client should use a slow repetition tempo.
- The client should perform five repetitions in a split stance, switch legs, then perform five additional repetitions.
When a muscle is experiencing neural inhibition and limited neuromuscular recruitment.
Underactive Muscles
An excessive forward rotation of the pelvis that results in greater lumbar lordosis.
Anterior Pelvic Tilt
Describe the lateral view of the pulling assessment.
View the LPHC, shoulders, cervical spine, and head from the side. The lumbar and cervical spine should remain neutral while the shoulders stay level. Common movement impairments that may be observed include low-back arches, shoulder elevation, and head jutting forward.
A performance assessment that measures muscular endurance of the upper extremities during a pushing movement.
Pushup test
Knees bow outward (bowlegged); also known as genu varum
Knee Varus
A movement assessment that assesses dynamic posture, lower-extremity strength, balance, and overall coordination in a single-limb stance.
Single Leg Squat Assessment
Describe the pulling assessment start position.
- The client should stand in a narrow, split stance with toes pointing forward and handles in each hand.
- The fitness professional should choose a resistance that will challenge (but not exhaust) the client while executing 10 repetitions.
Describe the single leg squat movement.
- The client squats as deep as possible (while maintaining balance) and returns to the starting position. The depth of the single-leg squat will be client dependent and will likely vary across populations.
- The client performs up to five repetitions before switching sides.
Describe the overhead squat assessment starting position.
- The client stands on a flat, stable surface with the feet shoulder-width apart and pointing straight ahead.
- The foot and ankle complex should be in a neutral position.
- Ideally, the assessment should be performed with the shoes off to better view the client’s foot and ankle complex.
- The client should raise their arms completely overhead with elbows fully extended.
A performance assessment designed to test maximal jump distance and lower extremity power.
Long Jump Assessment
Describe the pushing assessment movement.
- The fitness professional should instruct the client to push the handles away from their body and return to the starting position.
- The client should use a slow repetition tempo.
- The client should perform five repetitions in a split stance, switch legs, and then perform five additional repetitions.
Optimal flexibility and joint range of motion; ability to move freely.
Mobility
Describe the lateral view overhead squat assessment checkpoints.
View the LPHC and shoulders from the lateral view. Three common movement impairments observed from the lateral view include an excessive forward lean of the torso, an excessive low-back arch, or arms falling forward.
A performance assessment designed to test lateral acceleration, deceleration, agility, and control.
Pro Shuttle Assessment
The five areas of the body that are monitored during movement assessments and exercise: foot/ankle, knees, lumbo-pelvic-hip complex, shoulders, and head.
Kinetic Chain Checkpoints
Collapsed arch of the foot; also known as flat feet.
Pes Planus
An assessment of a client’s movement patterns and postural alignment during movement or activity; also known as a dynamic postural assessment.
Movement assessment
A performance assessment designed to test lateral speed and agility.
LEFT test
The positioning of the musculoskeletal system while the body is motionless.
Static posture
Describe the overhead squat assessment movement.
- The client should squat to a depth that brings the femur parallel to the ground (approximately chair height) and then return to the starting position. The squat depth can be reduced if the client has discomfort or is incapable of performing a squat to this depth.
- The client will repeat the movement for approximately five repetitions, while the fitness professional views them from both the anterior and lateral vantage points.
Describe the single leg squat starting position.
- The client stands on a flat, stable surface, hands on the hips, and eyes focused forward.
- The client lifts one foot approximately 6 in. off the floor. The stance foot, ankle and knee, and the LPHC should be in a neutral position and pointed straight ahead.
Describe the single leg squat anterior view.
The client’s knee should track straight forward and remain directly over the client’s second and third toes. A common movement impairment is knee valgus.
Moving in a biomechanically efficient manner that maximizes muscle recruitment and minimizes risk of injury.
What is optimal movement?
Knees collapse inward (knock knees) due to hip adduction and internal rotation; also known as medial knee displacement and genu valgum.
What is knee valgus?
A performance assessment designed to test reaction capabilities, acceleration, and maximal speed.
Define the 40 yard dash assessment.
Alignment of the body while in motion.
What is dynamic posture?
An assessment that provides insight to deviations from optimal alignment of the body in a standing posture.
What is a static postural assessment?
A performance assessment designed to estimate the one-repetition maximum of the squat exercise.
Define the squat strength assessment.
An assessment that challenges the upper extremities and trunk during a pushing movement to identify movement impairments and potential muscle imbalances.
Define the pushing assessment.
Assessments used to measure overall strength, muscular endurance, power, and agility.
What is a performance assessment?
- Pes Planus Distortion syndrome: Characterized by flat feet, knee valgus, and adducted and internally rotated hips.
- Lower Crossed Syndrome: Characterized by an anterior pelvic tilt and excessive lordosis(extension) of the lumbar spine.
- Upper Crossed Syndrome: Characterized by a forward head and protracted (rounded) shoulders.
What are the three main postural distortions?
Describe the anterior view overhead squat assessment checkpoints.
Feet: View the feet and knees from the front. The feet should remain pointed straight forward, as if the client is on snow skis. A common movement impairment is the feet externally rotating (turning out).
Knees: The client’s knees should track straight forward and remain directly over the client’s second and third toes. A common movement impairment is knee valgus (knees caving inward).
Describe the pushing assessment starting position.
- The client should stand in a narrow, split stance with the toes pointing forward and handles in each hand.
- The fitness professional should choose a resistance that will challenge (but not exhaust) the client while executing 10 repetitions.
Knees collapse inward (knock knees) due to hip adduction and internal rotation; also known as medial knee displacement and genu valgum.
Knee Valgus
