Chapter 8: Emptions

Question 1

What is the Rational-Emotive Dichotomy

Answer 1

• women: over-emotional and powerlessness, allowed the emotions of happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, surprise
• Men: restrained, powerful, anger, rational thought

Question 2

What are Display Rules

Answer 2

• over-learned habits about who can show what emotion to whom and when they can show it
  (gender role for emotions in public)
• explains the variability of emotion
• may explain why angry women behave differently than angry men, women perceived as sad when angry

Question 3

Whats an Emotional Double Standard

Answer 3

• women seen as emotional, men seen as rational

- there are no gender differences in emotion appear when research uses physiological measures of arousal

Question 4

What is the Myth of Maternal Instinct

Answer 4

• this is the concept of instinct being traced back to Darwin that thinks women energy goes to reproduction and caring
• reinforces intellectual inferiority
• the concept of instinct fell into disfavour due to the lack of empirical support

Question 5

Maternal Deprivation and it’s consequences of Nurturing

Answer 5

• series of studies done by Harlow (monkey experiment)
• found peers to be most important, not mothering
• social isolation associated with abnormal behaviours such as rocking, self-injury, staring into space

Question 6

Biological Foundation for Nurturing

Answer 6

• mothers are primed by hormonal events surrounding birth, this is not the same as maternal instincts
• increases responsiveness to babies though it does not prompt maternal behaviour

Question 7

Socialization Pressures for gender and caring for children

Answer 7

• fathers are generally “helpers” because they are breadwinners or playmates. Fathers typically experience a more positive experience with parenting
• mothers are generally primary care-givers, circumstances of child-bearing and nursing, mothers typically have a more negative experience

Question 8

The prominence of male aggression

Answer 8

• traced back to human prehistory and attributed to instinct
• advantages: helpful in hunting and defending, woman in history may not have been passive
• controlling aggression would have been essential for survivability in prehistoric humans

Question 9

What is Aggression

Answer 9

(the intention to cause harm)

- behavioural reaction to anger

Question 10

Relational Aggression/ Social Aggression

Answer 10

• behaviours that harm others through damage to personal relationships
  eg: group exclusion, silent treatment

Question 11

Indirect Aggression

Answer 11

• Harm through indirect means (behind the scenes)
  eg: getting someone blamed for a bad outcome, mocking someones behaviour/ actions
  (females more)

Question 12

What is Anger

Answer 12

• internal emotion

Question 13

Developmental Gender Differences in Aggression

Answer 13

• girls: more social and indirect aggression
• boys: more verbal aggression
  (gender differences are small when broad definition of aggression Is used)

Question 14

Men are more Aggressive when?

Answer 14

• in everyday contacts
• when physically attacked
• when frustrated
• insults to intelligence

Question 15

Women are more Aggressive when?

Answer 15

• responding to insults
• impolite treatment
• rude comments

Question 16

Gender and Crime

Answer 16

• men are more likely to commit crime/acts of violence, most crime results in arrest, more likely to fear property victimization
• women evaluate violent behaviour differently than men, not all crimes result in arrest, more likely to fear personal victimization (sexual assault)

Question 17

What are the six basic Human Emotions

Answer 17

• happiness
• surprise
• fear
• sadness
• anger
• disgust

Question 18

What are Individualistic Cultures

Answer 18

• self- development and pride

Question 19

What are Collectivistic Cultures

Answer 19

• subordination of self to group, guilt