Chapter 14: Stress, Coping, and Psychopathology Flashcards
Gender differences in physiological stress outcomes
- no differences
What are the sources of stress
- family roles
- violence
- discrimination
- poverty
What factors are related to decreased levels of stress
- employment and marriage linked to decreased risk and decreased stress
Gender differences in violence
- men more frequent targets and perpetrators of overall violence
- women more frequent targets of interpersonal violence (Friends and family) so it tends to be more traumatic
How does discrimination affect the genders
- creates a stigma
- heightens stress response
How does poverty relate to stress
- lack of control and resources creates stress
- women and ethnic minorities are more likely to be poor
Gender differences in social supports (Friendship styles)
- mens friendships tend to be activity- orientated (instrumental aide)
- women’s friendships do provide emotional support
- social support is more beneficial than instrumental aide
Gender differences in coping strategies
women- emotion focused coping , building social support
men- problem focused coping, fight or flight
Which gender is more likely to seek social support
- women
What are the two classification systems for the diagnosis of mental disorders
- international classification of disease (ICD)- WHO
- diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
What are the major issues with the DSM-5
- tends to individualize disorders
- treats the individual, not the whole disorder (root of the problem, social context )
- views some disorders as exaggerations of gender roles
- DSM may not be objective and is controversial
Gender differences in diagnosis
- women tend to be over diagnosed and men tend to be under diagnosed
Gender stereotypes of both men and women in psychopathological disorders
- men get more commonly diagnosed with schizotypal PD and antisocial PD
- women get more commonly diagnosed with dependent PD and histrionic PD
(conforms to gender roles)
Gender comparisons in psychopathology
women - more likely to seek mental health care - consult general physicians - receive outpatient treatment Men - less likely to seek mental health care - do not make as many physician visits - tend to be confined and stay in mental hospitals linger
Gender differences seen in Major Depression and Dysthymia (milder)
- about twice as frequent in women than men
- women ruminate on problems, magnifying them into depression
- men tend to “take action” diminishing their negative feelings (getting drunk )
- some cultures reject depression
Gender differences in substance-related disorders
- stereotypical gender roles play a role
- research has linked depression and drinking, especially in men
- differences in choice of substance vary
- men more likely to use illegal drugs
- women are more likely to receive prescriptions for psychoactive drugs (Amphetamines)
- men more likely to actually be diagnosed with substance- related disorders
3 Anxiety Disorders
- panic attack: intense fear
- agoraphobia (claustrophobia )
- phobias
Gender differences in anxiety disorders
- some anxiety disorder do and some don’t
- women are more likely to be diagnosed with panic disorder and agoraphobia and specific phobias, panic attacks
Gender differences in Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder
- women are more often to be diagnosed
Gender differences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
- originated with men
- now more women receive diagnosis
Gender differences in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
- patterns of behaviours of men and women with these disorders vary
- men faster cycles and women slow cycles in Bipolar disorder
Gender differences in Somatoform Disorders
- somatization disorder (complaints of physical problems without any physical basis)
- conversion disorder (the loss of physical function without any underlying physical basis
- more in women
Gender differences in Paraphilias
- much more common in men
What are culture-bound syndromes
- eg: ghost sickness
- reported symptoms can include general weakness, loss of appetite, suffocation feelings, recurring nightmares, pervasive feeling of terror
- associated with witches or witchcraft
