CHAPTER 8 - EMOTION & MOTIVATION Flashcards
1
Q
Emotion (4)
A
- Temporary state that includes unique subjective experience and physiological activity that prepares peoples for action
- Does not reside in brain
- Mental and physical features
- Response to appraisals
2
Q
3 components of emotion (3)
A
- Physiological reactions
- Behavioral responses
- Conscious feelings
3
Q
2 dimensions of emotions:
A
- Valence
- Arousal
4
Q
Valence
A
How positive or negative it is
5
Q
Arousal
A
How active or passive it is
6
Q
Appraisal
A
Evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus
7
Q
What do our interpretation of stimulus depend on (4)
A
- Self relevance
- Importance
- Ability to cope
- Ability to control
8
Q
Action tendencies
A
Readiness to engage in a specific set of emotion-relevant behaviors (eg. Anger –> approach, disgust –> avoidance)
9
Q
James Lange theory
A
Proposed that we feel emotion AFTER being aware of our physiological responses and that bodily responses cause the emotional feeling (incorrect)
10
Q
Exceptions for James Lange theory (4)
A
- Sometimes emotions occur before body responds
- Body changes not always easy to detect
- Disregards reason for body’s response
- Similar body responses are from dissimilar emotions (eg. Fear and excitement both cause fast heart beat)
11
Q
Cannon Bard theory
A
Identified issues with James-Lange theory and stated we experience physiological responses and emotions SIMULTANEOUSLY in response to event (incorrect)
12
Q
Schachter-Singer theory
A
Stated that to experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal (I am afraid) (close to accurate)
13
Q
Amygdala
A
Functions in emotion and threat detector
14
Q
Zajonc and LeDoux theory
A
Stated that some emotional responses occur before we have time to consciously interpret or appraise the event
15
Q
Joseph LeDoux
A
Stated that information about a stimulus takes two routes simultaneously (slow and fast)
16
Q
Slow
A
Thalamus –> cortex –> amygdala
17
Q
Fast
A
Thalamus –> amygdala
18
Q
Lazarus theory
A
Stated that we feel emotion after we have appraised the event, even if the appraisal occurred below the level of our conscious awareness
19
Q
How many facial expressions can human observers observe
A
20
20
Q
Emotional repression
A
Observable sign of emotional state
21
Q
Universality hypothesis:
A
Emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone
22
Q
Naturally occurring infant emotions (7)
A
- Joy
- Anger
- Interest
- Disgust
- Surprise
- Sadness
- Fear
23
Q
Facial feedback hypothesis
A
Emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify (research shows that people who hold a pen with their teeth feel happier than those who hold a pen with their lips)
24
Q
Deceptive expression
A
States that we can control (to some degree) our expression of emotion
25
Display rules
Norms for the control of appropriate emotional expression (different cultures have different display rules
26
Intensification
Exaggerating emotional expression
27
Deintensification
Muting emotional expression
28
Masking
Expressing one emotion while feeling another
29
Neutralizing
No expression of the emotion one is feeling (poker face)
30
Paul Ekman
Expert in emotional expression
31
How are real smiles identified
Accompanied with crinkling of the eye corners
32
Lying behaviors (9)
- Slow speech
- Longer response time
- Few details
- Less fluent
- Less engagement
- More uncertain
- Tense
- Less pleasant
- Too good
33
Reasons people are poor lie detectors (5)
- Small cues
- Variable
- Idiosyncratic
- Predisposition to believe people tell the truth
- Most people don’t know signs of lying
34
Polygraphs
Machines that detect lying by measuring physiological arousal
35
What polygraphs CANT measure: (2)
- Emotion
- Cannot distinguish anxiety, guilt, stress
36
Motivation
Internal causes of purposeful behavior
37
Instinct
Way of thinking, behaving or feeling that is not learned
38
Drive
Motivation that arises due to psychological/physiological need
39
Homeostasis
Tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state (equilibrium)
40
Drive reduction theory
Humans motivated to reduce our drives (eg. Eat when hungry)
41
Hedonic principle
Idea that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain first argued by Aristotle (primary motivation is to feel good than bad)
42
Emotion regulation
Use of cognitive and behavioural strategies to influence one's emotional expression (eg. suppression, labeling the emotion)
43
Reappraisal
Changing one's emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus (eg. Putting feelings into words)
44
Abraham Maslow
Founders of humanistic psychology who proposed that people are motivated to fulfill a hierarchy of needs and suggests that people do not experience higher needs until the needs below them have been met
45
Motivated body (hierarchy of needs) (5):
1. Need for self actualization
2. Esteem needs
3. Belongingness and love needs
4. Safety and security needs
5. Physiological needs
46
Example of motivation in food
We are motivated to eat to convert food to energy as hunger signals are sent to and from the brain
47
Orexigenic (3)
- Switches on the experience of hunger
- Hormone ghrelin in stomach
- Lateral hypothalamus receive signal
48
Anorexigenic (3)
- Switches off the experience of hunger
- Hormone leptin in fat cells
- Ventromedial hypothalamus receive signal
49
Binge eating disorder (BED)
Characterized by recurrent and uncontrolled episodes of eating a lot of calories in a short time affecting 3% of Canadians with similar rates for men and women
50
Bulimia nervosa
Characterized by binge eating followed by purging affecting 1-3% of Canadians and 90% being women
51
Anorexia nervosa
Characterized by an intense fear of being fat resulting in severe restriction of food intake affecting 0.3%-1% of women in Canada
52
9 truths about eating disorders:
- Many people with eating disorders look healthy yet may be extremely ill
- Families are not to blame and dan be the patients and providers best allies
- Health crisis that disrupts personal and family functioning
- Not choices, but serious biologically influenced illnesses
- Affect people of all genders, races, ages, ethnicities, body shapes, weights, socioeconomic status, sexes
- Increased risk of suicide and medical complications
- Genes and environment play important role in development
- Genes alone do not predict who will develop eating disorders
- Full recovery from eating disorder is possible and early detection/intervention is important
53
Obesity
Complex disease in which abnormal or excess body fat impairs health
54
Weight bias
Thinking that people with obesity do not have enough willpower or are not cooperate
55
Stigma
Acting on weight-biased beliefs
56
Individual factors of obesity (2)
- Health behaviors: eating habits, physical activity, sedentary behaviors
- Genetics
57
Environmental factors of obesity (3)
- Built environment: neighbourhood design, accessibility to nutritious food
- Policy environment: how food is advertised and sold
- Social and cultural norms: cultural values around food and body shape/size
58
Proposed causes of obesity (7)
- High heritability
- Personality traits
- Environmental toxins
- Excess "good bacteria" in gut
- Daily wear and tear on hippocampus
- Leptin resistance
- Lack of exercise and overeating
59
Evolutionary mismatch
Traits that were adaptive in an ancestral environment that may be maladaptive in a modern environment causing stronger attraction to energy dense food and ability to store excess fat
60
Guidelines for treating patients with obesity (5)
- Ask permission
- Assess their story
- Advise on management
- Agree on goals
- Assist with drivers and barriers
61
Conquering obesity (5)
- Human body resists weight loss
- Fat cells added with weight gain
- Added fat cells do not decrease in number, only in size
- Dieting decreases metabolism
- Avoiding obesity is easier than overcoming
62
Procreation
Desire for sex is necessary for survival
63
DHEA hormone
Responsible for onset of sexual desire
64
Testosterone
Root of sexual desire in both men and women (mostly men)
65
Estrogen
Root of sexual desire in both men and women (mostly women)
66
Women's sexual interest
Independent of her ovulation which may keep the male around according to evolutionary theory
67
Physiological responses during sex between men and women
Similar
68
Masters and Johnson
Researchers of sexual behavior that defined the excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm phase, resolution phase. It is the same for men and women but differ in timing of responses
69
Alfred Kinsey (sexual motivation)
Conducted 18,000 interviews about sexual histories and research showed that sexual behavior, thoughts, and feelings towards the same/opposite sex were not always consistent across time
70
Measure of the Kinsey scale
7 point scale
71
Biological motivations shared with animals
Food, sex, oxygen, sleep
72
Psychological motivations shared with animals
Limitless and unique
73
Intrinsic motivation
Motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding (eg. Eating dessert, having sex, listening to music)
74
Extrinsic motivation
Motivation to take actions that are not themselves, but leading to reward (eg. Flossing teeth, working job, taking exams)
75
Delaying gratification
Ability to delay an impulse for an immediate reward to receive a more favourable reward later on
76
Conscious motivation
Motivation of which one is aware (eg. To be helpful)
77
Unconscious motivation
Motivation of which one is not aware
78
Achievement motivation
Desire to experience a sense of accomplishment by meeting one's goals
79
Approach motivation
Motivation to experience positive outcomes
80
Avoidance motivation
Motivation not to experience negative outcomes and tends to be more powerful
81
Loss aversion
Tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal size gains
82
Terror management theory
Claims that we cope with our existential terror by developing a cultural worldview (eg. Belief of life after death)
83
Morality salience hypothesis
Prediction that people who are reminded of their own mortality will work to reinforce their cultural worldviews
84
Sense of belonging as motivation (3)
- Aiding survival (attachment, cooperation)
- Affects emotions and thoughts (maintaining relationships even if its bad)
- Increase social acceptance
85
Anxiety with challenge
When challenges exceed our time and skills we feel anxious
86
Boredom with challenges
When challenges don’t engage our time and skills we feel bored
87
