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psyc1200 > CHAPTER 8 - EMOTION & MOTIVATION > Flashcards

CHAPTER 8 - EMOTION & MOTIVATION Flashcards

1
Q

Emotion (4)

A
  • Temporary state that includes unique subjective experience and physiological activity that prepares peoples for action
  • Does not reside in brain
  • Mental and physical features
  • Response to appraisals
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2
Q

3 components of emotion (3)

A
  • Physiological reactions
  • Behavioral responses
  • Conscious feelings
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3
Q

2 dimensions of emotions:

A
  • Valence
  • Arousal
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4
Q

Valence

A

How positive or negative it is

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5
Q

Arousal

A

How active or passive it is

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6
Q

Appraisal

A

Evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus

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7
Q

What do our interpretation of stimulus depend on (4)

A
  • Self relevance
  • Importance
  • Ability to cope
  • Ability to control
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8
Q

Action tendencies

A

Readiness to engage in a specific set of emotion-relevant behaviors (eg. Anger –> approach, disgust –> avoidance)

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9
Q

James Lange theory

A

Proposed that we feel emotion AFTER being aware of our physiological responses and that bodily responses cause the emotional feeling (incorrect)

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10
Q

Exceptions for James Lange theory (4)

A
  • Sometimes emotions occur before body responds
  • Body changes not always easy to detect
  • Disregards reason for body’s response
  • Similar body responses are from dissimilar emotions (eg. Fear and excitement both cause fast heart beat)
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11
Q

Cannon Bard theory

A

Identified issues with James-Lange theory and stated we experience physiological responses and emotions SIMULTANEOUSLY in response to event (incorrect)

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12
Q

Schachter-Singer theory

A

Stated that to experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal (I am afraid) (close to accurate)

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13
Q

Amygdala

A

Functions in emotion and threat detector

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14
Q

Zajonc and LeDoux theory

A

Stated that some emotional responses occur before we have time to consciously interpret or appraise the event

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15
Q

Joseph LeDoux

A

Stated that information about a stimulus takes two routes simultaneously (slow and fast)

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16
Q

Slow

A

Thalamus –> cortex –> amygdala

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17
Q

Fast

A

Thalamus –> amygdala

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18
Q

Lazarus theory

A

Stated that we feel emotion after we have appraised the event, even if the appraisal occurred below the level of our conscious awareness

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19
Q

How many facial expressions can human observers observe

A

20

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20
Q

Emotional repression

A

Observable sign of emotional state

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21
Q

Universality hypothesis:

A

Emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone

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22
Q

Naturally occurring infant emotions (7)

A
  • Joy
  • Anger
  • Interest
  • Disgust
  • Surprise
  • Sadness
  • Fear
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23
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

Emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify (research shows that people who hold a pen with their teeth feel happier than those who hold a pen with their lips)

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24
Q

Deceptive expression

A

States that we can control (to some degree) our expression of emotion

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25
Q

Display rules

A

Norms for the control of appropriate emotional expression (different cultures have different display rules

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26
Q

Intensification

A

Exaggerating emotional expression

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27
Q

Deintensification

A

Muting emotional expression

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28
Q

Masking

A

Expressing one emotion while feeling another

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29
Q

Neutralizing

A

No expression of the emotion one is feeling (poker face)

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30
Q

Paul Ekman

A

Expert in emotional expression

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31
Q

How are real smiles identified

A

Accompanied with crinkling of the eye corners

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32
Q

Lying behaviors (9)

A
  • Slow speech
  • Longer response time
  • Few details
  • Less fluent
  • Less engagement
  • More uncertain
  • Tense
  • Less pleasant
  • Too good
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33
Q

Reasons people are poor lie detectors (5)

A
  • Small cues
  • Variable
  • Idiosyncratic
  • Predisposition to believe people tell the truth
  • Most people don’t know signs of lying
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34
Q

Polygraphs

A

Machines that detect lying by measuring physiological arousal

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35
Q

What polygraphs CANT measure: (2)

A
  • Emotion
  • Cannot distinguish anxiety, guilt, stress
36
Q

Motivation

A

Internal causes of purposeful behavior

37
Q

Instinct

A

Way of thinking, behaving or feeling that is not learned

38
Q

Drive

A

Motivation that arises due to psychological/physiological need

39
Q

Homeostasis

A

Tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state (equilibrium)

40
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

Humans motivated to reduce our drives (eg. Eat when hungry)

41
Q

Hedonic principle

A

Idea that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain first argued by Aristotle (primary motivation is to feel good than bad)

42
Q

Emotion regulation

A

Use of cognitive and behavioural strategies to influence one’s emotional expression (eg. suppression, labeling the emotion)

43
Q

Reappraisal

A

Changing one’s emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus (eg. Putting feelings into words)

44
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Founders of humanistic psychology who proposed that people are motivated to fulfill a hierarchy of needs and suggests that people do not experience higher needs until the needs below them have been met

45
Q

Motivated body (hierarchy of needs) (5):

A
  1. Need for self actualization
  2. Esteem needs
  3. Belongingness and love needs
  4. Safety and security needs
  5. Physiological needs
46
Q

Example of motivation in food

A

We are motivated to eat to convert food to energy as hunger signals are sent to and from the brain

47
Q

Orexigenic (3)

A
  • Switches on the experience of hunger
  • Hormone ghrelin in stomach
  • Lateral hypothalamus receive signal
48
Q

Anorexigenic (3)

A
  • Switches off the experience of hunger
  • Hormone leptin in fat cells
  • Ventromedial hypothalamus receive signal
49
Q

Binge eating disorder (BED)

A

Characterized by recurrent and uncontrolled episodes of eating a lot of calories in a short time affecting 3% of Canadians with similar rates for men and women

50
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

Characterized by binge eating followed by purging affecting 1-3% of Canadians and 90% being women

51
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

Characterized by an intense fear of being fat resulting in severe restriction of food intake affecting 0.3%-1% of women in Canada

52
Q

9 truths about eating disorders:

A
  • Many people with eating disorders look healthy yet may be extremely ill
  • Families are not to blame and dan be the patients and providers best allies
  • Health crisis that disrupts personal and family functioning
  • Not choices, but serious biologically influenced illnesses
  • Affect people of all genders, races, ages, ethnicities, body shapes, weights, socioeconomic status, sexes
  • Increased risk of suicide and medical complications
  • Genes and environment play important role in development
  • Genes alone do not predict who will develop eating disorders
  • Full recovery from eating disorder is possible and early detection/intervention is important
53
Q

Obesity

A

Complex disease in which abnormal or excess body fat impairs health

54
Q

Weight bias

A

Thinking that people with obesity do not have enough willpower or are not cooperate

55
Q

Stigma

A

Acting on weight-biased beliefs

56
Q

Individual factors of obesity (2)

A
  • Health behaviors: eating habits, physical activity, sedentary behaviors
  • Genetics
57
Q

Environmental factors of obesity (3)

A
  • Built environment: neighbourhood design, accessibility to nutritious food
  • Policy environment: how food is advertised and sold
  • Social and cultural norms: cultural values around food and body shape/size
58
Q

Proposed causes of obesity (7)

A
  • High heritability
  • Personality traits
  • Environmental toxins
  • Excess “good bacteria” in gut
  • Daily wear and tear on hippocampus
  • Leptin resistance
  • Lack of exercise and overeating
59
Q

Evolutionary mismatch

A

Traits that were adaptive in an ancestral environment that may be maladaptive in a modern environment causing stronger attraction to energy dense food and ability to store excess fat

60
Q

Guidelines for treating patients with obesity (5)

A
  • Ask permission
  • Assess their story
  • Advise on management
  • Agree on goals
  • Assist with drivers and barriers
61
Q

Conquering obesity (5)

A
  • Human body resists weight loss
  • Fat cells added with weight gain
  • Added fat cells do not decrease in number, only in size
  • Dieting decreases metabolism
  • Avoiding obesity is easier than overcoming
62
Q

Procreation

A

Desire for sex is necessary for survival

63
Q

DHEA hormone

A

Responsible for onset of sexual desire

64
Q

Testosterone

A

Root of sexual desire in both men and women (mostly men)

65
Q

Estrogen

A

Root of sexual desire in both men and women (mostly women)

66
Q

Women’s sexual interest

A

Independent of her ovulation which may keep the male around according to evolutionary theory

67
Q

Physiological responses during sex between men and women

A

Similar

68
Q

Masters and Johnson

A

Researchers of sexual behavior that defined the excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm phase, resolution phase. It is the same for men and women but differ in timing of responses

69
Q

Alfred Kinsey (sexual motivation)

A

Conducted 18,000 interviews about sexual histories and research showed that sexual behavior, thoughts, and feelings towards the same/opposite sex were not always consistent across time

70
Q

Measure of the Kinsey scale

A

7 point scale

71
Q

Biological motivations shared with animals

A

Food, sex, oxygen, sleep

72
Q

Psychological motivations shared with animals

A

Limitless and unique

73
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding (eg. Eating dessert, having sex, listening to music)

74
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Motivation to take actions that are not themselves, but leading to reward (eg. Flossing teeth, working job, taking exams)

75
Q

Delaying gratification

A

Ability to delay an impulse for an immediate reward to receive a more favourable reward later on

76
Q

Conscious motivation

A

Motivation of which one is aware (eg. To be helpful)

77
Q

Unconscious motivation

A

Motivation of which one is not aware

78
Q

Achievement motivation

A

Desire to experience a sense of accomplishment by meeting one’s goals

79
Q

Approach motivation

A

Motivation to experience positive outcomes

80
Q

Avoidance motivation

A

Motivation not to experience negative outcomes and tends to be more powerful

81
Q

Loss aversion

A

Tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal size gains

82
Q

Terror management theory

A

Claims that we cope with our existential terror by developing a cultural worldview (eg. Belief of life after death)

83
Q

Morality salience hypothesis

A

Prediction that people who are reminded of their own mortality will work to reinforce their cultural worldviews

84
Q

Sense of belonging as motivation (3)

A
  • Aiding survival (attachment, cooperation)
  • Affects emotions and thoughts (maintaining relationships even if its bad)
  • Increase social acceptance
85
Q

Anxiety with challenge

A

When challenges exceed our time and skills we feel anxious

86
Q

Boredom with challenges

A

When challenges don’t engage our time and skills we feel bored

87
Q
A

psyc1200 (5 decks)

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