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PSYC1200 > CHAPTER 14 - STRESS & HEALTH > Flashcards

CHAPTER 14 - STRESS & HEALTH Flashcards

1
Q

Stressors

A

Specific event or chronic pressure that place demands on a person or threaten the person’s well-being

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2
Q

Stress

A

Physical and psychological response to internal or external stressors

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3
Q

Health psychology

A

Subfield of psychology concerned with ways of psychological factors can influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and maintenance of health

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4
Q

What determines if something is stressful (4)

A
  • Type of event
  • Predictability
  • Discrepancy of resources and demands
  • Physical and physiological reactions
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5
Q

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe:

A

Proposed that major life changes cause stress and the increased stress causes illness

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6
Q

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe proposed (5)

A
  • Major life changes cause stress
  • Increased stress cause illness
  • Stress can come from negative and positive events
  • Positive events produce less psychological distress and fewer physical symptoms
  • Happiness can sometimes counteract the effects of negative events
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7
Q

Chronic stressors

A

Sources of stress that occur continuously or repeatedly. Effects can accumulate and be long lasting typically linked to environments through environmental psychology/social relationship

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8
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

Targets source of the stress (eg. Completing assignment if it causes you stress)

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9
Q

Emotional-focused coping

A

Attempts to manage the negative emotions produced by the stressor (eg. Stress eat, social support)

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10
Q

Does discrimination cause stress and illness

A

Yes, chronic stressors often linked to social relationships

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11
Q

Impact of discrimination

A

Leads to greater negative health outcomes and maladaptive behaviors to deal with stress among socially disadvantaged groups

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12
Q

Which races experience most chronic stressors

A

Black, indigenous, and other POC

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13
Q

Perceived control

A

The degree to which people believe that they have control over themselves. Having control over stressful events is effective for coping

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14
Q

Lack of perceived control

A

More stress and underlies other stressors

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15
Q

David Glass and Jerome Singer

A

Involved in studies of perceived control and looked at the aftereffects of loud noise on people who could/could not control it while solving various activities (puzzle etc). Those who were “yoked” (could not control sound the sound levels) were more aggressive and had higher levels of cortisol

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16
Q

9/11 effects

A

Enormous stressor. Those who lived in close proximity to the attack had less grey matter in amygdala, hippocampus, insula, anterior cingulate, medial prefrontal cortex than those who lived further. This suggests that the stress caused had reduced the size of these parts of the brain that function in emotion, memory, decision

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17
Q

Impact of stress of physical

A

Produce changes in every system of the body and mind, stimulating physical reactions and psychological reactions

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18
Q

Fight or flight response

A

Originally described by Walter Cannon of an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action

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19
Q

Reactions to stress (2)

A
  • Freeze: Response is inability to move or act
  • Fawn: Appeasing or hiding usually associated with survivors of trauma or abuse
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20
Q

Activation of fight or flight (5)

A
  • Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland
  • Pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • ACTH travel through bloodstream to stimulate adrenal glands
  • Adrenal glands release cortisol, and epinephrine and norepinephrine that increases the sympathetic nervous system and decrease parasympathetic activation
  • The increased respiration and blood pressure make more oxygen available to muscles to energize attack or escape
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21
Q

Catecholamines

A

Hormones made by adrenal glands (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine)

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22
Q

Hans Selye experiment

A

Experimented on rats with different heat, cold, infection, trauma to understand physiological consequences of severe threats to well-being

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23
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

3 stage physiological stress response that appears regardless of stressor encountered developed by Hans Selye

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24
Q

3 stages of GAS:

A
  • Alarm phase: rapid mobilization
  • Resistance phase: Adaptation and coping
  • Exhaustion phase: Body’s resistance collapses
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25
Hans Selye's theory
Resistance to stress builds over time but can only last so long before hit with exhaustion
26
Stress impact on aging
Stress can significantly accelerate the aging process
27
Telomeres
Caps at the end of each chromosome that protects the ends of chromosomes. Chronic stress can shorten telomeres
28
Telomerase
Enzyme that rebuilds telomeres. Chronic stress can affect activity of telomerase, cause aging, and even cell death
29
Stress impact on immune response
Cause hormones (cortisol) to flood the brain and wear down the immune system making it less able to fight invaders
30
Immune system
Complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, viruses and other foreign substances
31
Lymphocytes
White blood cells that produce antibodies that fight infection (T cells/B cells)
32
Psychoneuroimmunology
Study of how the immune system responds to psychological variables
33
Altherosclerosis
Gradual narrowing of the arteries that occur as fatty deposits or plaque builds up on the inner walls of the artery (main cause of coronary heart disease)
34
Type A behavior pattern
Tendency towards easily aroused hostility, impatience, sense of urgency and competitive achievement strivings
35
Hemorrhagic stroke (2)
- Uncontrolled bleeding - Aneurysm
36
Ischemic stroke (2)
- Interruption of blood flow from blood clot - 80% of all strokes
37
Common heart attack warning signs (5)
- Pain or discomfort in chest - Lightheaded, nausea, vomiting - Jaw, neck or back pain - Discomfort or pain to arm or shoulder - Shortness of breath
38
Primary appraisal
Interpretation of stimulus as stressful or not
39
Secondary appraisal
Determination of whether the stressor is something that can be handled
40
Negative appraisal
Threat
41
Positive appraisal
Challenge
42
Threat
Stressor you believe that might not be overcome
43
Challenge
Stressor you feel fairly confident you can control
44
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (3)
- Recurrent, involuntary, intrusive distressing memories of traumatic events - Chronic physical arousal marked by physiological reactions to internal or external cues - Avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event
45
Burnout
State of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation accompanied by lower performance and motivation
46
Prolonged exposure
A theraputic technique where individuals relive traumatic events in their imaginations by recording a verbal account of the event and listening to the recording daily
47
Repressive coping
Avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint (eg. Ignoring problem)
48
Rational coping
Facing a stressor and working to overcome (3 step process)
49
3 step process of rational coping:
- Acceptance: Accepting that a stressor exists - Exposure: Attending to or seeking out the stressor - Understanding: Working to find the meaning stressors hold in one's life
50
Reframing
Finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces a threat
51
Stress inoculation training (SIT)
Reframing technique that helps people to cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about situations
52
Meditation
Practice of internal contemplation
53
Relaxation therapy
Technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscle of body
54
Relaxation response
Condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure
55
Aerobic exercise
Exercise that increases heart rate and oxygen intake for sustained period and increases serotonin/endorphins
56
Public Canada recommendation for health (3)
- Be active at least 2.5 hours a week - Focus on moderate to vigorous aerobic activity throughout each week - Add activities that target muscles and bones two days per week
57
Biofeedback
Use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function
58
Joe Kamiya
Conducted research on alpha waves demonstrating that people could learn to consciously control their brain activity and enter the alpha state (mental state linked to relaxation)
59
Situation management
Involves changing your life to reduce stress through social support, religious or spiritual practice, and humour
60
Social support
Aid gained through interacting
61
Value of social support differences in gender
Shelly Taylor proposed that men typically have a fight or flight response to stress and females typically have a tend and befriend (seek support) behavior
62
Oxytocin & estrogen
Triggers social responses; tendency to seek out social contacts, nurture others and create cooperative groups
63
Humor benefits (2)
- Reduces sensitivity to pain and stress - Reduces time to calm down after stressful event
64
Sickness response
Coordinated, adaptive set of reactions to illness organized by the brain that can be prompted through stress without infection
65
Cytokines
Proteins that activate vagus nerve and induce an "I am sick" message
66
Psychosomatic illness
Interaction between mind and body that can produce illness
67
Sick role
Proposed by Talcott Parsons of a socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness; exemptions and obligations
68
Malingering
Feigning medical or psychological symptoms to achieve an external goal
69
Optimism
Presence of positive future expectancies predict positive health outcomes
70
Hardiness
Personality trait of resiilience and their commitment, control, and challenge
71
Feeling good mechanisms (4)
- Self regulation - Eating wisely - Avoiding sexual risks - Stop smoking

PSYC1200 (5 decks)

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