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PSYC1200 > CHAPTER 14 - STRESS & HEALTH > Flashcards

CHAPTER 14 - STRESS & HEALTH Flashcards

1
Q

Stressors

A

Specific event or chronic pressure that place demands on a person or threaten the person’s well-being

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2
Q

Stress

A

Physical and psychological response to internal or external stressors

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3
Q

Health psychology

A

Subfield of psychology concerned with ways of psychological factors can influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and maintenance of health

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4
Q

What determines if something is stressful (4)

A
  • Type of event
  • Predictability
  • Discrepancy of resources and demands
  • Physical and physiological reactions
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5
Q

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe:

A

Proposed that major life changes cause stress and the increased stress causes illness

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6
Q

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe proposed (5)

A
  • Major life changes cause stress
  • Increased stress cause illness
  • Stress can come from negative and positive events
  • Positive events produce less psychological distress and fewer physical symptoms
  • Happiness can sometimes counteract the effects of negative events
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7
Q

Chronic stressors

A

Sources of stress that occur continuously or repeatedly. Effects can accumulate and be long lasting typically linked to environments through environmental psychology/social relationship

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8
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

Targets source of the stress (eg. Completing assignment if it causes you stress)

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9
Q

Emotional-focused coping

A

Attempts to manage the negative emotions produced by the stressor (eg. Stress eat, social support)

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10
Q

Does discrimination cause stress and illness

A

Yes, chronic stressors often linked to social relationships

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11
Q

Impact of discrimination

A

Leads to greater negative health outcomes and maladaptive behaviors to deal with stress among socially disadvantaged groups

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12
Q

Which races experience most chronic stressors

A

Black, indigenous, and other POC

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13
Q

Perceived control

A

The degree to which people believe that they have control over themselves. Having control over stressful events is effective for coping

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14
Q

Lack of perceived control

A

More stress and underlies other stressors

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15
Q

David Glass and Jerome Singer

A

Involved in studies of perceived control and looked at the aftereffects of loud noise on people who could/could not control it while solving various activities (puzzle etc). Those who were “yoked” (could not control sound the sound levels) were more aggressive and had higher levels of cortisol

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16
Q

9/11 effects

A

Enormous stressor. Those who lived in close proximity to the attack had less grey matter in amygdala, hippocampus, insula, anterior cingulate, medial prefrontal cortex than those who lived further. This suggests that the stress caused had reduced the size of these parts of the brain that function in emotion, memory, decision

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17
Q

Impact of stress of physical

A

Produce changes in every system of the body and mind, stimulating physical reactions and psychological reactions

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18
Q

Fight or flight response

A

Originally described by Walter Cannon of an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action

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19
Q

Reactions to stress (2)

A
  • Freeze: Response is inability to move or act
  • Fawn: Appeasing or hiding usually associated with survivors of trauma or abuse
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20
Q

Activation of fight or flight (5)

A
  • Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland
  • Pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • ACTH travel through bloodstream to stimulate adrenal glands
  • Adrenal glands release cortisol, and epinephrine and norepinephrine that increases the sympathetic nervous system and decrease parasympathetic activation
  • The increased respiration and blood pressure make more oxygen available to muscles to energize attack or escape
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21
Q

Catecholamines

A

Hormones made by adrenal glands (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine)

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22
Q

Hans Selye experiment

A

Experimented on rats with different heat, cold, infection, trauma to understand physiological consequences of severe threats to well-being

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23
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

3 stage physiological stress response that appears regardless of stressor encountered developed by Hans Selye

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24
Q

3 stages of GAS:

A
  • Alarm phase: rapid mobilization
  • Resistance phase: Adaptation and coping
  • Exhaustion phase: Body’s resistance collapses
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25
Q

Hans Selye’s theory

A

Resistance to stress builds over time but can only last so long before hit with exhaustion

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26
Q

Stress impact on aging

A

Stress can significantly accelerate the aging process

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27
Q

Telomeres

A

Caps at the end of each chromosome that protects the ends of chromosomes. Chronic stress can shorten telomeres

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28
Q

Telomerase

A

Enzyme that rebuilds telomeres. Chronic stress can affect activity of telomerase, cause aging, and even cell death

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29
Q

Stress impact on immune response

A

Cause hormones (cortisol) to flood the brain and wear down the immune system making it less able to fight invaders

30
Q

Immune system

A

Complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, viruses and other foreign substances

31
Q

Lymphocytes

A

White blood cells that produce antibodies that fight infection (T cells/B cells)

32
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

Study of how the immune system responds to psychological variables

33
Q

Altherosclerosis

A

Gradual narrowing of the arteries that occur as fatty deposits or plaque builds up on the inner walls of the artery (main cause of coronary heart disease)

34
Q

Type A behavior pattern

A

Tendency towards easily aroused hostility, impatience, sense of urgency and competitive achievement strivings

35
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke (2)

A
  • Uncontrolled bleeding
  • Aneurysm
36
Q

Ischemic stroke (2)

A
  • Interruption of blood flow from blood clot
  • 80% of all strokes
37
Q

Common heart attack warning signs (5)

A
  • Pain or discomfort in chest
  • Lightheaded, nausea, vomiting
  • Jaw, neck or back pain
  • Discomfort or pain to arm or shoulder
  • Shortness of breath
38
Q

Primary appraisal

A

Interpretation of stimulus as stressful or not

39
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

Determination of whether the stressor is something that can be handled

40
Q

Negative appraisal

A

Threat

41
Q

Positive appraisal

A

Challenge

42
Q

Threat

A

Stressor you believe that might not be overcome

43
Q

Challenge

A

Stressor you feel fairly confident you can control

44
Q

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (3)

A
  • Recurrent, involuntary, intrusive distressing memories of traumatic events
  • Chronic physical arousal marked by physiological reactions to internal or external cues
  • Avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event
45
Q

Burnout

A

State of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation accompanied by lower performance and motivation

46
Q

Prolonged exposure

A

A theraputic technique where individuals relive traumatic events in their imaginations by recording a verbal account of the event and listening to the recording daily

47
Q

Repressive coping

A

Avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint (eg. Ignoring problem)

48
Q

Rational coping

A

Facing a stressor and working to overcome (3 step process)

49
Q

3 step process of rational coping:

A
  • Acceptance: Accepting that a stressor exists
  • Exposure: Attending to or seeking out the stressor
  • Understanding: Working to find the meaning stressors hold in one’s life
50
Q

Reframing

A

Finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces a threat

51
Q

Stress inoculation training (SIT)

A

Reframing technique that helps people to cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about situations

52
Q

Meditation

A

Practice of internal contemplation

53
Q

Relaxation therapy

A

Technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscle of body

54
Q

Relaxation response

A

Condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure

55
Q

Aerobic exercise

A

Exercise that increases heart rate and oxygen intake for sustained period and increases serotonin/endorphins

56
Q

Public Canada recommendation for health (3)

A
  • Be active at least 2.5 hours a week
  • Focus on moderate to vigorous aerobic activity throughout each week
  • Add activities that target muscles and bones two days per week
57
Q

Biofeedback

A

Use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function

58
Q

Joe Kamiya

A

Conducted research on alpha waves demonstrating that people could learn to consciously control their brain activity and enter the alpha state (mental state linked to relaxation)

59
Q

Situation management

A

Involves changing your life to reduce stress through social support, religious or spiritual practice, and humour

60
Q

Social support

A

Aid gained through interacting

61
Q

Value of social support differences in gender

A

Shelly Taylor proposed that men typically have a fight or flight response to stress and females typically have a tend and befriend (seek support) behavior

62
Q

Oxytocin & estrogen

A

Triggers social responses; tendency to seek out social contacts, nurture others and create cooperative groups

63
Q

Humor benefits (2)

A
  • Reduces sensitivity to pain and stress
  • Reduces time to calm down after stressful event
64
Q

Sickness response

A

Coordinated, adaptive set of reactions to illness organized by the brain that can be prompted through stress without infection

65
Q

Cytokines

A

Proteins that activate vagus nerve and induce an “I am sick” message

66
Q

Psychosomatic illness

A

Interaction between mind and body that can produce illness

67
Q

Sick role

A

Proposed by Talcott Parsons of a socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness; exemptions and obligations

68
Q

Malingering

A

Feigning medical or psychological symptoms to achieve an external goal

69
Q

Optimism

A

Presence of positive future expectancies predict positive health outcomes

70
Q

Hardiness

A

Personality trait of resiilience and their commitment, control, and challenge

71
Q

Feeling good mechanisms (4)

A
  • Self regulation
  • Eating wisely
  • Avoiding sexual risks
  • Stop smoking

PSYC1200 (5 decks)

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