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PSYC1200 > CHAPTER 13 - SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY > Flashcards

CHAPTER 13 - SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Social psychology

A

The study of the causes and consequences of sociality and shows insight into how humans solve problems of survival and reproduction

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2
Q

Behavior

A

Combination of person and situation but is not always judged that way

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3
Q

Ultrasocial

A

Humans are ultra social; we build societies of genetically unrelated individuals

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4
Q

Human brain

A

Bigger because of the challenges of living and working in complex societies

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5
Q

Solitary confinement

A

Considered torture for humans

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6
Q

Correctional service Canada (CSC)

A

States that administrative and disciplinary segregation (solitary confinement) no longer exists in Canadian federal penitentiaries. This is only true because parliament changed the name to structured intervention units (SIUs)

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7
Q

Interpersonal behavior

A

Aggression, cooperation altruism

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8
Q

Aggression

A

Behavior whose purpose it to harm another; way of achieving goal. Can be done reactively out of hostility or proactively as a calculated means to an end and varies by gender and geographic location

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9
Q

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

Principle that states that animals aggress only when goals are blocked. Frustration can lead to feeling bad and trigger aggression

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10
Q

Male aggression (2)

A
  • Best predictor of aggression
  • Socialization, self worth and dominance may be threatened
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11
Q

Women aggression (4)

A
  • Verbal aggression
  • Causing social harm
  • Tends to be premeditated than impulsive
  • More likely to be focused on attaining or protecting a resource than on attaining/protecting their status
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12
Q

Cooperation

A

Behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit and is one of the greatest achievements of mankind

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13
Q

Prisoner’s Dilemma game

A

Illustrates the benefits and costs of cooperation and involves two agents each f whom can cooperate for mutual benefit or betray their partner for individual reward

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14
Q

Group

A

Collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others

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15
Q

Group favouritism

A

“I am one of us and not one of them” and leads to an in group bias

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16
Q

Prejudice

A

Positive or negative evaluation based on group membership
Discrimination: Positive or negative behavior

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17
Q

Explanations for prejudice:

A
  • Social
  • Emotional
  • Cognitive
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18
Q

Social

A

Social inequalities, social divisions

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19
Q

Social inequalities

A

Prejudice develops when people have money, power, and prestige and others do not

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20
Q

Social divisions

A

Ingroup and outgroup, ingroup bias

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21
Q

Emotional

A

Scapegoating, ethnocentrism

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22
Q

Scapegoating

A

Displacing of anger on innocent others

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23
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The less we perceive someone to be like us, the less we like them

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24
Q

Cognitive

A

Categorization, vivid cases, just world phenomenon

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25
Q

Categorization

A

One way we simplify our world is to categorize people into groups by stereotyping them

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26
Q

Vivid cases

A

We tend to judge things based on what’s in our memory

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27
Q

Just world phenomenon

A

The belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

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28
Q

Group decision making (4)

A
  • Not fully capitalizing on expertise of its member
  • Common knowledge effect: Tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share
  • Group polarization: Tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone
  • Groupthink: Tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony
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29
Q

Deindividuation

A

Occurs when group causes people to become less aware of their individual values (bad behavior in group eg. Looting and rioting more common in groups)

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30
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

Individuals feel less responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others acting the same way

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31
Q

Social loafing

A

Tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than when alone (eg. Group projects)

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32
Q

Factors increasing bystander intervention (8):

A
  • Being in a good mood
  • Feeling guilty
  • Seeing others who are willing to help
  • Perceiving the other person as deserving of help
  • Knowing how to help
  • Personalized relationship
  • The person is similar to us
  • Not rushed or in a hurry
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33
Q

Factors decreasing bystander intervention (4):

A
  • Presence of other people
  • Being in a bit city or very small town
  • Vague or ambiguous situations
  • When personal costs outweigh the benefits of helping
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34
Q

Power of individual

A

Power of social influence is enormous but so is the power of individual (eg. Iin 1963, photograph of a man refusing to show Nazi salute at workplace)

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35
Q

Altruism

A

Behavior that benefits another without benefitting oneself

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36
Q

Reciprocal altruism

A

Behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future (paying it forward)

37
Q

Kin selection

A

Process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives (eg. Animals behaving in a way that benefits their own kind)

38
Q

Interpersonal attraction

A

Selectivity, attraction, relationship

39
Q

Selectivity

A

Sexual partners are selected and women tend to be choosier as sex is a greater investment for women (pregnancy) and costs of promiscuity are higher for women socially and physically

40
Q

Attraction

A

Feeling of preference to another caused by situational, physical and psychological factors

41
Q

Proximity

A

Geographical nearness contributes to predictor of friendship and more and breeds fondness

42
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

Tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure (more likely to like your workmates or schoolmates than strangers)

43
Q

Capilano bridge study

A

Proposed that physiological arousal can be misinterpreted as attraction

44
Q

Physical attractiveness

A

Major factor in attraction and elicits all kinds of preferential treatment including body shape, symmetry, age, face and can vary by culture

45
Q

Homophily

A

Tendency to prefer mates who are psychologically like us for a variety of reasons (eg. Personality, attitudes, beliefs, values, ambitions, age, education, ethnicity) because it makes interactions easy and provides feelings of being liked

46
Q

Passionate love

A

Feelings of euphoria, intimacy and intense sexual attraction

47
Q

Companionate love

A

Affection, trust and concern for partner’s well being

48
Q

Relationship between passionate love and companionate love

A

They both have different time courses and trajectories. Passionate love begins to cool within just a few months (honeymoon phase) but companionate love can grow slowly over years

49
Q

Relationship in animals (2)

A
  • Penguins look for partners who enjoy walks on beach
  • Beavers and wolves each raise their young together and stay together as a couple until death
50
Q

Interpersonal perception

A

Stereotyping, attribution

51
Q

Social cognition

A

Involves processes by which people come to understand others

52
Q

Category based inferences and target based inferences

A

Tendency for humans to make inferences about other people’s thoughts and feelings, beliefs and desires, abilities and aspirations, intentions, needs and characters

53
Q

Stereotyping

A

Process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of categories to which others belong (can be inaccurate or overused and can occur unconsciously)

54
Q

Behavioural confirmation

A

Self fulfilling prophecy (eg. Stereotype threat)

55
Q

Perceptual confirmation

A

When observers perceive what they expect to perceive

56
Q

Subtyping

A

Modifying stereotypes rather than abandoning them

57
Q

Attribution

A

Inferences about the cause of a person’s behavior

58
Q

Situational attributions

A

Attribute the external situations as the cause (low consistency + high consensus + high distinctiveness)

59
Q

Dispositional attributions

A

Attribute someone’s internal disposition as the cause (eg. Happily married couple consider a sharp remark by the spouse to be caused by a bad day, whereas an unhappily married couple may say the person has become mean) (high consistency + low consensus + low distinctivenes)

60
Q

Convariation mode

A

Claims we rely on consistency, distinctiveness and consensus and tells us whether to make a dispositional or situational attribution for a person’s behavior

61
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person’s behavior was caused by the situation

62
Q

Actor-observer effect (4)

A
  • Explaining others’ behavior - disposition/personality weights heavily
  • Explaining own behavior - situation weighs heavily
  • Eg. One man may say jobless person has no one to blame but herself, but if you lacked a job you can consider the bad economy or how your expertise too specific
  • Eg. “He failed the test in his class because he probably didn’t study. I failed in my class because the test was unfair”
63
Q

Interpersonal influence

A

Hedonic motive, approval motive, accuracy motive

64
Q

Social influence

A

Ability to control another person’s behavior

65
Q

3 basic motivations that make people susceptible to social influence:

A
  • Hedonic motive:
  • Approval motive
  • Accuracy motive
66
Q

Hedonic motive

A

People are motivated to experience pleasure and to avoid experiencing pain

67
Q

Overjustification effect

A

Rewards can decrease one’s intrinsic motivation

68
Q

Resistance

A

Unpleasant feeling when people feel they are being coerced

69
Q

Approval motive

A

People are motivated to be accepted and to avoid being rejected (normative influence)

70
Q

Norm

A

Customary standard for behavior widely shared by members of a culture

71
Q

Normative influence

A

Occurs when another person’s behavior provides information about what is appropriate (eg. After yoga, others wash their mat, so you do the same)

72
Q

Norm of reciprocity

A

Unwritten rule that people should benefit whose who have benefited them

73
Q

Door in the face technique

A

Strategy that involves getting someone to deny an initial request to influence behavior by asking someone for something more valuable than what you really want and wait for that person to refuse. After, you ask the person for what you really want (eg. Ask someone out for dinner, they say no… you offer coffee instead, they say yes)

74
Q

Why don’t we violate norms (3)

A
  • Enormous amount of anxiety
  • We want to justify our actions
  • Immediate consequences
75
Q

Conformity

A

Tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it

76
Q

Obedience

A

Tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do

77
Q

Soloman Asch

A

Conducted a research on conformity which involved the degree to which a person’s own opinions are influenced by those of a group to fit in. Asch concluded that people want to be liked by the group or they believe the group is better informed than they are

78
Q

Conformity increases when.. (7)

A
  • The person is made to feel incompetent
  • The group has at least 3 people but not a huge crowd
  • Rest of the group is unanimous
  • The person admires the status and attractiveness of the group
  • The person has not made a prior commitment to any response
  • Group members observe the person’s behavior
  • The person’s culture encourages respect for social standards
79
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

Conducted a study on obedience

80
Q

Obedience was highest when… (4)

A
  • Authority figure was salient
  • Authority figure had prestige
  • Victim was depersonalized
  • No models for defiance
81
Q

Attitudes

A

Tell us what we should do

82
Q

Beliefs

A

Tells us how to do it

83
Q

Informational influence

A

Willingness to follow others “in the know” and we assume their information is good or right and don’t always question why (eg. You see people running in the school, so you run. Do you need to know before you start running too?)

84
Q

Persuasion

A

Person’s attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person

85
Q

Central route persuasion

A

Appeals to reason

86
Q

Peripheral route persuasion

A

Appeals to habit or emotion

87
Q

Foot in the door technique

A

Technique that involves a small request followed by a larger request

88
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes or beliefs. Suffering for something of little value can cause cognitive dissonance

PSYC1200 (5 decks)

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