CHAPTER 13 - SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
Social psychology
A
The study of the causes and consequences of sociality and shows insight into how humans solve problems of survival and reproduction
2
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Behavior
A
Combination of person and situation but is not always judged that way
3
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Ultrasocial
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Humans are ultra social; we build societies of genetically unrelated individuals
4
Q
Human brain
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Bigger because of the challenges of living and working in complex societies
5
Q
Solitary confinement
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Considered torture for humans
6
Q
Correctional service Canada (CSC)
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States that administrative and disciplinary segregation (solitary confinement) no longer exists in Canadian federal penitentiaries. This is only true because parliament changed the name to structured intervention units (SIUs)
7
Q
Interpersonal behavior
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Aggression, cooperation altruism
8
Q
Aggression
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Behavior whose purpose it to harm another; way of achieving goal. Can be done reactively out of hostility or proactively as a calculated means to an end and varies by gender and geographic location
9
Q
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
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Principle that states that animals aggress only when goals are blocked. Frustration can lead to feeling bad and trigger aggression
10
Q
Male aggression (2)
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- Best predictor of aggression
- Socialization, self worth and dominance may be threatened
11
Q
Women aggression (4)
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- Verbal aggression
- Causing social harm
- Tends to be premeditated than impulsive
- More likely to be focused on attaining or protecting a resource than on attaining/protecting their status
12
Q
Cooperation
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Behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit and is one of the greatest achievements of mankind
13
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Prisoner’s Dilemma game
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Illustrates the benefits and costs of cooperation and involves two agents each f whom can cooperate for mutual benefit or betray their partner for individual reward
14
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Group
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Collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others
15
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Group favouritism
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“I am one of us and not one of them” and leads to an in group bias
16
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Prejudice
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Positive or negative evaluation based on group membership
Discrimination: Positive or negative behavior
17
Q
Explanations for prejudice:
A
- Social
- Emotional
- Cognitive
18
Q
Social
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Social inequalities, social divisions
19
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Social inequalities
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Prejudice develops when people have money, power, and prestige and others do not
20
Q
Social divisions
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Ingroup and outgroup, ingroup bias
21
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Emotional
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Scapegoating, ethnocentrism
22
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Scapegoating
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Displacing of anger on innocent others
23
Q
Ethnocentrism
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The less we perceive someone to be like us, the less we like them
24
Q
Cognitive
A
Categorization, vivid cases, just world phenomenon
25
Categorization
One way we simplify our world is to categorize people into groups by stereotyping them
26
Vivid cases
We tend to judge things based on what's in our memory
27
Just world phenomenon
The belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
28
Group decision making (4)
- Not fully capitalizing on expertise of its member
- Common knowledge effect: Tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share
- Group polarization: Tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone
- Groupthink: Tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony
29
Deindividuation
Occurs when group causes people to become less aware of their individual values (bad behavior in group eg. Looting and rioting more common in groups)
30
Diffusion of responsibility
Individuals feel less responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others acting the same way
31
Social loafing
Tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than when alone (eg. Group projects)
32
Factors increasing bystander intervention (8):
- Being in a good mood
- Feeling guilty
- Seeing others who are willing to help
- Perceiving the other person as deserving of help
- Knowing how to help
- Personalized relationship
- The person is similar to us
- Not rushed or in a hurry
33
Factors decreasing bystander intervention (4):
- Presence of other people
- Being in a bit city or very small town
- Vague or ambiguous situations
- When personal costs outweigh the benefits of helping
34
Power of individual
Power of social influence is enormous but so is the power of individual (eg. Iin 1963, photograph of a man refusing to show Nazi salute at workplace)
35
Altruism
Behavior that benefits another without benefitting oneself
36
Reciprocal altruism
Behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future (paying it forward)
37
Kin selection
Process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives (eg. Animals behaving in a way that benefits their own kind)
38
Interpersonal attraction
Selectivity, attraction, relationship
39
Selectivity
Sexual partners are selected and women tend to be choosier as sex is a greater investment for women (pregnancy) and costs of promiscuity are higher for women socially and physically
40
Attraction
Feeling of preference to another caused by situational, physical and psychological factors
41
Proximity
Geographical nearness contributes to predictor of friendship and more and breeds fondness
42
Mere exposure effect
Tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure (more likely to like your workmates or schoolmates than strangers)
43
Capilano bridge study
Proposed that physiological arousal can be misinterpreted as attraction
44
Physical attractiveness
Major factor in attraction and elicits all kinds of preferential treatment including body shape, symmetry, age, face and can vary by culture
45
Homophily
Tendency to prefer mates who are psychologically like us for a variety of reasons (eg. Personality, attitudes, beliefs, values, ambitions, age, education, ethnicity) because it makes interactions easy and provides feelings of being liked
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Passionate love
Feelings of euphoria, intimacy and intense sexual attraction
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Companionate love
Affection, trust and concern for partner's well being
48
Relationship between passionate love and companionate love
They both have different time courses and trajectories. Passionate love begins to cool within just a few months (honeymoon phase) but companionate love can grow slowly over years
49
Relationship in animals (2)
- Penguins look for partners who enjoy walks on beach
- Beavers and wolves each raise their young together and stay together as a couple until death
50
Interpersonal perception
Stereotyping, attribution
51
Social cognition
Involves processes by which people come to understand others
52
Category based inferences and target based inferences
Tendency for humans to make inferences about other people's thoughts and feelings, beliefs and desires, abilities and aspirations, intentions, needs and characters
53
Stereotyping
Process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of categories to which others belong (can be inaccurate or overused and can occur unconsciously)
54
Behavioural confirmation
Self fulfilling prophecy (eg. Stereotype threat)
55
Perceptual confirmation
When observers perceive what they expect to perceive
56
Subtyping
Modifying stereotypes rather than abandoning them
57
Attribution
Inferences about the cause of a person's behavior
58
Situational attributions
Attribute the external situations as the cause (low consistency + high consensus + high distinctiveness)
59
Dispositional attributions
Attribute someone's internal disposition as the cause (eg. Happily married couple consider a sharp remark by the spouse to be caused by a bad day, whereas an unhappily married couple may say the person has become mean) (high consistency + low consensus + low distinctivenes)
60
Convariation mode
Claims we rely on consistency, distinctiveness and consensus and tells us whether to make a dispositional or situational attribution for a person's behavior
61
Fundamental attribution error
Tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person's behavior was caused by the situation
62
Actor-observer effect (4)
- Explaining others' behavior - disposition/personality weights heavily
- Explaining own behavior - situation weighs heavily
- Eg. One man may say jobless person has no one to blame but herself, but if you lacked a job you can consider the bad economy or how your expertise too specific
- Eg. "He failed the test in his class because he probably didn’t study. I failed in my class because the test was unfair"
63
Interpersonal influence
Hedonic motive, approval motive, accuracy motive
64
Social influence
Ability to control another person's behavior
65
3 basic motivations that make people susceptible to social influence:
- Hedonic motive:
- Approval motive
- Accuracy motive
66
Hedonic motive
People are motivated to experience pleasure and to avoid experiencing pain
67
Overjustification effect
Rewards can decrease one's intrinsic motivation
68
Resistance
Unpleasant feeling when people feel they are being coerced
69
Approval motive
People are motivated to be accepted and to avoid being rejected (normative influence)
70
Norm
Customary standard for behavior widely shared by members of a culture
71
Normative influence
Occurs when another person's behavior provides information about what is appropriate (eg. After yoga, others wash their mat, so you do the same)
72
Norm of reciprocity
Unwritten rule that people should benefit whose who have benefited them
73
Door in the face technique
Strategy that involves getting someone to deny an initial request to influence behavior by asking someone for something more valuable than what you really want and wait for that person to refuse. After, you ask the person for what you really want (eg. Ask someone out for dinner, they say no… you offer coffee instead, they say yes)
74
Why don’t we violate norms (3)
- Enormous amount of anxiety
- We want to justify our actions
- Immediate consequences
75
Conformity
Tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it
76
Obedience
Tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do
77
Soloman Asch
Conducted a research on conformity which involved the degree to which a person's own opinions are influenced by those of a group to fit in. Asch concluded that people want to be liked by the group or they believe the group is better informed than they are
78
Conformity increases when.. (7)
- The person is made to feel incompetent
- The group has at least 3 people but not a huge crowd
- Rest of the group is unanimous
- The person admires the status and attractiveness of the group
- The person has not made a prior commitment to any response
- Group members observe the person's behavior
- The person's culture encourages respect for social standards
79
Stanley Milgram
Conducted a study on obedience
80
Obedience was highest when… (4)
- Authority figure was salient
- Authority figure had prestige
- Victim was depersonalized
- No models for defiance
81
Attitudes
Tell us what we should do
82
Beliefs
Tells us how to do it
83
Informational influence
Willingness to follow others "in the know" and we assume their information is good or right and don’t always question why (eg. You see people running in the school, so you run. Do you need to know before you start running too?)
84
Persuasion
Person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person
85
Central route persuasion
Appeals to reason
86
Peripheral route persuasion
Appeals to habit or emotion
87
Foot in the door technique
Technique that involves a small request followed by a larger request
88
Cognitive dissonance
An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes or beliefs. Suffering for something of little value can cause cognitive dissonance
