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PSYC1200 > CHAPTER 12 - PERSONALITY > Flashcards

CHAPTER 12 - PERSONALITY Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

Individuals characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling. Explanations of personality differences are due to prior events and anticipated events that affect personality

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2
Q

Measuring personality (2)

A
  • Validity scales: Help alleviate response style bias
  • Self report: Series of answers to questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behavior or mental state
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3
Q

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

A

Well researched clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems –> 338 T/F

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4
Q

Projective techniques

A

Standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individuals personality (open to subjective interpretation)

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5
Q

Rorschach Inkblot test:

A

Individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots analyzed to identify a respondent’s inner feelings and interpret his/her personality structure developed by Hermann Rorschach

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6
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

Test takers shown cards with ambiguous scenes and is told to tell a story based on what is happening in the picture. Examiner is able to identify themes and demonstrate aspects of personality (not reliable)

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7
Q

High tech methods in personality measurement (4)

A
  • Wireless communication
  • Real time computer analysis
  • Automated behavior identification
  • Forms of social media
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8
Q

Trait approach

A

Examine characteristic patterns of behavior

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9
Q

Psychodynamic approach

A

Behavior is dynamic interaction between conscious and unconscious mind

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10
Q

Humanistic approach

A

Focus on inner capacities for growth and self fulfillment

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11
Q

Social cognitive theories:

A

Explore interaction between traits and social context

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12
Q

Trait

A

Relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way and is pre-existing disposition that causes a behavior (personality inventories) or motivation that guides behavior (projective tests). Traits describe not explain

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13
Q

Raymond Cattel

A

Identified 16 factors or dimensions of personality

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14
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

Purposed the three factor personality traits as extraverts, introverts, and psychoticism Postulated that extraversion is most relevant to neurophysiological mechanisms (over/under stimulation of reticular formation = arousal)

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15
Q

The Big Five Factor Model

A

Most preferred trait theory because it accounts for variability without overlap, multiple observer agreeability and reliable across cultures

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16
Q

Big Five personalities

A
  • Openness
  • Conscientious
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
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17
Q

Traits as biological building blocks

A

Brain damage, brain pathology, and pharmaceutical treatments may cause changes in personality

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18
Q

Behavioural genetics

A

Looks for correlations between monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins. The greater similarity in personality, the greater overlap in genes

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19
Q

Personality variability

A

40% from genes, 60% from environment

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20
Q

Women personality

A

Verbally expressive, sensitive to nonverbal cues, nurturing, likely to engage in more relational aggression

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21
Q

Men personality

A

Physically aggressive, assertive, likely to have slightly higher self-esteem

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22
Q

When are personality differences in gender typically identified

A

Emerges around adolescence and attributed to culture and sex hormones in puberty

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23
Q

Social role theory

A

Suggests personality characteristics result from different cultural standards and expectations between genders

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24
Q

Bem sex role inventory

A

Suggests being psychologically androgynous can be beneficial

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25
Jeffrey Gray
Purposed two brain systems responsible for extraversion and neuroticism
26
Behavioural activation system (BAS)
The go system
27
Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
The stop system
28
Sam Gosling
Identified 5 dimensions of personality in hyenas and studies of guppies and octopi yielded similar results. Differences in personality in animals reflect adaptations for survival and reproduction
29
Digital footprint (presentation) and personality (6)
- Social media post correlate with self reported ratings of big five personality traits - Smartphone data indicate high agreeableness - Extraversion correlate with more time spent with others - Extraverts spend more time messaging others through apps - Personality traits corelated to music preference? - Appearance, social networking page
30
Psychodynamic approach
Regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness - motives that can also produce emotional disorders; developed by Freud
31
Dynamic unconscious
Active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires and the person's inner struggle to control these forces
32
Freud theories of personality
Proposed that mind consists of three independent systems that determines the personality's structure - ID, superego, ego
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ID
Part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly sexual and aggressive drives
34
Superego
Mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules mainly learned as parents exercise their authority; acts as conscious that develops around age 5
35
Ego
Component of personality developed through contact with the external world that enables us to deal with life's practical demands that develops around age 3
36
Defense mechanisms
Unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses
37
Repression
Removing painful experiences and unacceptable impulses from conscious mind (eg. Putting bad experiences out of mind)
38
Rationalization
Supplying reasonable sounding explanation for unacceptable feelings and behavior to conceal one's underlying motives or feelings (eg. Dropping calculus because of poor ventilation in classroom)
39
Reaction formation
Unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite (eg. Being rude to someone you're attracted to)
40
Projection
Attributing one's own threatening feelings, motives or impulses to another person or group (eg. Judging others as being dishonest because you are dishonest)
41
Regression
Reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of development, a time when things felt more secure, to deal with internal conflict and perceived threat (eg. Using baby talk in response to distress)
42
Displacement
Shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening alternative (eg. Slamming door)
43
Identification
Dealing with feelings of threat and anxiety by unconsciously taking on the characteristic of another person who seems more powerful or better able to cope (eg. Bullied child becoming bully)
44
Sublimation
Channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities (eg. Diverting anger to the football or rugby field)
45
Psychosexual stages
Distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures
46
Oral stages
Experience centers on the pleasure and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking and being fed
47
Anal stage
Experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsion of feces and urine and toilet training
48
Phallic stage
Experience centers on the pleasure, conflict and frustration associated with the phallic genital region as well as coping with powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy
49
Latency stage
Primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills
50
Genital stage
Time for coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner
51
Freud's perspectives (9)
- Theories have been contradicted - Hard to claim as falsifiable - He did not use good scientific processes - Personality is not fixed in childhood - The theory underemphasizes per influence - Dreams are not always wish fulfillment - Repressed memories are not so common - Gender identity may be sooner than he thought - Psychodynamic personality theories focus on pathology so others considered them pessimistic
52
Alfred Adler
"The individual feels at home in life and feels his existence to be worthwhile just so far as he is useful to others and is overcoming feelings of inferiority"
53
Karen Horney
"The view that women are infantile and emotional creatures and as such, incapable of responsibility and independence is the work of masculine tendency to lower women's self respect"
54
Carl Jung
"From the living fountain of instinct flows everything that is creative; hence the unconscious is the very source of the creative impulse"
55
Carl Jung beliefs
Believed that the mind is divided into three parts; conscious ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious
56
Humanistic psychology
Emphasize a positive, optimistic view of human nature; goodness and potential for growth
57
Carl Rogers
Stated that the focus of personality is about self-concept and positive growth happens with unconditional positive regard, empathy and being genuine
58
Positive psychology:
Study of optimal human functioning (happiness) is a further development of humanism
59
Existential psychologists
Focuses on individuals as responsible agents, free to create their life while negotiating the issue of meaning and reality of death
60
Self-actualizing theory
Human motive toward realizing our inner potential (Maslow's hierarchy of needs recognizes self-actualization as a higher need)
61
Flow experience
Described by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi who described a feeling between boredom and anxiety; engagement in tasks that match our abilities
62
Existential approach
Suggests personality is from the individual's ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death. One must deal with issues head on instead of using defenses and it is healthy to learn to accept and tolerate pain of existence- argued by Rollo May & Victor Frankl
63
Social cognitive approach
Approach that views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them by emphasizing interaction of our traits with situations and a person's perception of environment (combination of social psychology, cognitive psychology, learning theory)
64
Person-situation controversy
Question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors
65
Walter Mischel
Argued that personality traits do little to predict behavior (r=0.30) and behaviors may not transfer in different situations
66
Personal constructs
Dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences; originally proposed by George Kelly
67
Personal construct points (3)
- One can learn about the perceiver's personality based on differences in perspectives - Different constructs are key to personality differences - Different situations evoke different responses that are experience-dependant
68
Outcome expectancies
Person's assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior; combines with personal goals to produce characteristic style of behavior
69
Locus of control
Person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment, developed by Julian Rotter
70
Self concept
Person's explicit knowledge of his/her behavior, traits and other personal characteristics (develops from social experiences)
71
Self esteem
Extent to which an individual likes, values and accepts the self
72
When can we recognize ourself in the mirror
By 18 months of age
73
Self narrative
Story we tell about ourselves
74
Self schemas
Set of traits we use to define ourselves purposed by Hazel Markus
75
Relationship between self narratives and self concept:
Does not always match up
76
Self verification
Tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self concept
77
Self serving bias
People's tendency to take credit for their successes but
78
Narcissism
Trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from others and exploit them
79
Implicit egotism
Argues that people are generally unaware of their preferences for things similar to themselves
80
Name letter effect
People prefer letters that are the same as their first name (may extent to cities, streets, occupations)
81

PSYC1200 (5 decks)

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