Chapter 8: emotion and motivation

Question 1

Emotion

Answer 1

A temporary state including experiences and physiological activity.

Question 2

How do we gauge emotional experiences

Answer 2

Comparing how close one feeling is to another.

Question 3

Define valence

Answer 3

Positivity

Question 4

define arousal

Answer 4

Energy

Question 5

Define appraisal

Answer 5

to judge or to estimate the value of a stimulus or event.

Question 6

Define Action Tendency

Answer 6

readiness to engage in behaviors in response to an emotion.

Question 7

Action tendency example

Answer 7

Anger: approach
Fear: freeze
Disgust: avoid

Question 8

James-Lange Theory

Answer 8

Physiological responses to stimuli/ events create emotion.

Question 9

You see a bear and your heart starts pounding. Your body perceives this as fear. What is this an example of?

Answer 9

James-Lange Theory

Question 10

Two-factor theory

Answer 10

stimuli causes a certain physiological response, the body interprets this response as a specific emotion.

Question 11

1. You’re at a concert.
2. You see a bear
   The same physiological response is produced but the body interprets them as different emotions. What is this an example of?

Answer 11

Two-factor theory

Question 12

Stimulus “slow” pathway

Answer 12

eye→thalamus→cortex→amygdala

Question 13

What’s the purpose of the amygdala when it comes to emotion?

Answer 13

The amygdala is the “emotional gas pedal.” When you are feeling an emotion the activity in the amygdala increases. (cortex decreases)

Question 14

Stimulus “fast” pathway

Answer 14

eye→thalamus→amygdala

Question 15

What’s the purpose of the cortex when it comes to emotion?

Answer 15

The cortex is the “emotional brake.” After the amygdala increases the emotion, the cortex will lessen it.

Question 16

Define emotional expression

Answer 16

Observable sign of an emotional state.

Question 17

Define universality hypothesis

Answer 17

Expressions mean the same thing to all people everywhere at all times.

Question 18

Define facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 18

Creating facial expressions can make you feel the emotions associated with them.

Question 19

Putting a pencil in your teeth and feeling happy afterwards is an example of what?

Answer 19

Facial feedback hypothesis

Question 20

Define display rule

Answer 20

A norm for the appropriate expression of emotion. (affected by cultural ideas)

Question 21

Showing disgust in front of a friend but not a grandparent is an example of what?

Answer 21

The display rule

Question 22

Signs someone is lying

Answer 22

Slow talking, takes longer to respond, responds with less detail, does not include unnecessary details, and doesn’t self- correct or self- doubt.

Question 23

Define motivation

Answer 23

The reasons why we partake in certain behavior.

Question 24

Define instinct

Answer 24

tendency to seek a particular goal because it is hard-wired into us.)

Question 25

Why do behavioralists reject the idea of instinct?

Answer 25

They believe internal states are unimportant to behavior, and behavior is learned not hard-wired.

Question 26

Define drive reduction theory

Answer 26

primary motive is to reduce your drive/ needs.

Question 27

Define hedonic principle

Answer 27

increase pleasure, decrease pain

Question 28

What are ways to regulate emotions?

Answer 28

suppression, affect labeling, and reappraisal. (reappraisal is the most effective.)

Question 29

Define Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 29

The most basic needs are at the base and must be met before moving to the next set of needs. He believes self-actualization is at the very top and last.

Question 30

Define intrinsic motivation

Answer 30

The action is rewarding

Question 31

Define extrinsic motivation

Answer 31

The action will lead to a reward

Question 32

Define conscious motivation

Answer 32

People are aware of their motivators

Question 33

Define unconscious motivation

Answer 33

People are not aware of their motivators.

Question 34

The more difficult a task is the more _________ their motivators are.

Answer 34

Specific

Question 35

Define approach motivation

Answer 35

We want to experience good outcomes

Question 36

Define avoidance motivation

Answer 36

We want to avoid experiencing bad outcomes

Question 37

Define loss aversion

Answer 37

People will care more about avoiding loss than gaining an equivalent amount.

Question 38

Terror management

Answer 38

People create cultural worldviews to cope with morality.

Question 39

Define need for achievement

Answer 39

motivation to solve worthwhile problems

Question 40

What does the hormone ghrelin do? Where is it produced?

Answer 40

Flips the hunger switch on; produced in the stomach

Question 41

What does the hormone leptin do? What is it produced by?

Answer 41

Flips the hunger switch off; produced by fat cells.

Question 42

Define binge eating disorder

Answer 42

uncontrolled episodes of consuming a large amount of calories in a short amount of time.

Question 43

Define Bulimia nervosa

Answer 43

Binge eating followed by a compensatory behavior like vomiting.

Question 44

Define anorexia nervosa

Answer 44

Intense fear of being overweight and a severe restriction of food intake.

Question 45

Define evolutionary mismatch

Answer 45

things that we adapted with in the past are hurting us now.

Question 46

What does DHEA do?

Answer 46

it’s a hormone involved in the initial onset of sexual desire.

Question 47

What does estrogen affect?

Answer 47

The female menstrual cycle

Question 48

What does testosterone affect?

Answer 48

It is linked to sexual desire in both men and women.

Question 49

Examples of evolutionary mismatch

Answer 49

1. When we gain weight, we experience an increase in numbers and size of fat cells. When we lose weight, the size of fat cells decrease but not the number.
2. Our body responds to dieting by decreasing our metabolism.