Chapter 8: emotion and motivation Flashcards
Emotion
A temporary state including experiences and physiological activity.
How do we gauge emotional experiences
Comparing how close one feeling is to another.
Define valence
Positivity
define arousal
Energy
Define appraisal
to judge or to estimate the value of a stimulus or event.
Define Action Tendency
readiness to engage in behaviors in response to an emotion.
Action tendency example
Anger: approach
Fear: freeze
Disgust: avoid
James-Lange Theory
Physiological responses to stimuli/ events create emotion.
You see a bear and your heart starts pounding. Your body perceives this as fear. What is this an example of?
James-Lange Theory
Two-factor theory
stimuli causes a certain physiological response, the body interprets this response as a specific emotion.
- You’re at a concert.
- You see a bear
The same physiological response is produced but the body interprets them as different emotions. What is this an example of?
Two-factor theory
Stimulus “slow” pathway
eye→thalamus→cortex→amygdala
What’s the purpose of the amygdala when it comes to emotion?
The amygdala is the “emotional gas pedal.” When you are feeling an emotion the activity in the amygdala increases. (cortex decreases)
Stimulus “fast” pathway
eye→thalamus→amygdala
What’s the purpose of the cortex when it comes to emotion?
The cortex is the “emotional brake.” After the amygdala increases the emotion, the cortex will lessen it.
Define emotional expression
Observable sign of an emotional state.
Define universality hypothesis
Expressions mean the same thing to all people everywhere at all times.
Define facial feedback hypothesis
Creating facial expressions can make you feel the emotions associated with them.
Putting a pencil in your teeth and feeling happy afterwards is an example of what?
Facial feedback hypothesis
Define display rule
A norm for the appropriate expression of emotion. (affected by cultural ideas)
Showing disgust in front of a friend but not a grandparent is an example of what?
The display rule
Signs someone is lying
Slow talking, takes longer to respond, responds with less detail, does not include unnecessary details, and doesn’t self- correct or self- doubt.
Define motivation
The reasons why we partake in certain behavior.
Define instinct
tendency to seek a particular goal because it is hard-wired into us.)
Why do behavioralists reject the idea of instinct?
They believe internal states are unimportant to behavior, and behavior is learned not hard-wired.
Define drive reduction theory
primary motive is to reduce your drive/ needs.
Define hedonic principle
increase pleasure, decrease pain
What are ways to regulate emotions?
suppression, affect labeling, and reappraisal. (reappraisal is the most effective.)
Define Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
The most basic needs are at the base and must be met before moving to the next set of needs. He believes self-actualization is at the very top and last.
Define intrinsic motivation
The action is rewarding
Define extrinsic motivation
The action will lead to a reward
Define conscious motivation
People are aware of their motivators
Define unconscious motivation
People are not aware of their motivators.
The more difficult a task is the more _________ their motivators are.
Specific
Define approach motivation
We want to experience good outcomes
Define avoidance motivation
We want to avoid experiencing bad outcomes
Define loss aversion
People will care more about avoiding loss than gaining an equivalent amount.
Terror management
People create cultural worldviews to cope with morality.
Define need for achievement
motivation to solve worthwhile problems
What does the hormone ghrelin do? Where is it produced?
Flips the hunger switch on; produced in the stomach
What does the hormone leptin do? What is it produced by?
Flips the hunger switch off; produced by fat cells.
Define binge eating disorder
uncontrolled episodes of consuming a large amount of calories in a short amount of time.
Define Bulimia nervosa
Binge eating followed by a compensatory behavior like vomiting.
Define anorexia nervosa
Intense fear of being overweight and a severe restriction of food intake.
Define evolutionary mismatch
things that we adapted with in the past are hurting us now.
What does DHEA do?
it’s a hormone involved in the initial onset of sexual desire.
What does estrogen affect?
The female menstrual cycle
What does testosterone affect?
It is linked to sexual desire in both men and women.
Examples of evolutionary mismatch
- When we gain weight, we experience an increase in numbers and size of fat cells. When we lose weight, the size of fat cells decrease but not the number.
- Our body responds to dieting by decreasing our metabolism.
