Chapter 8 Concept Quiz Flashcards
A psychologist who studies how people change and grow over their lifespan is called a_______ psychologist.
Developmental
_____ vs______ where some psychologists debate the level to which heredity and environment influence behavior and development.
Nature vs nurture
______vs_______ where there are clear beginning and ending points to develop versus a steady, continuous process of development.
Stages vs continuity
_____ vs_____ where some believe characteristics remain relatively constant over time versus the thought that these characteristics can develop over time based on what we learn in our environment.
Stability vs change
In an umbrella thought process, a cells nucleus contains _____ which contain _____ which is composed of our ______.
Chromosomes, DNA, Genes
We receive ___ chromosomes from both our mother and father resulting in ____ chromosomes.
23, 46
Which chromosome determines the baby’s sex?
23rd
The child’s sex is ultimately determined by the father due to the ___ chromosome.
Y
____ will result in a girl and ___ will result in a boy
XX and XY
A baby’s genetic predisposition for heart disease is its _____ while actually displaying heart disease upon birth is its _____.
Genotype, phenotype
The presence of a ______ gene will always override a ____ gene.
Dominant, recessive
Genetic mutations are not due to heredity. A missing or partial chromosome in girls results in _____ syndrome.
Turners
An extra X in boys results in____ syndrome.
Klinefelters
47 chromosomes (trisomy of the 21st gene) results in ____ syndrome.
Down
Write the order of prenatal development as well as what happens in each stage.
- Zygote: germinal period- sperm/egg=cell- cell divider attached to wall
- Embryo: sac heartbeat- organs begin to form (cells begin to differentiate in structure and function)
- Fetus: organs fully develop
Chemicals/viruses that can harm prenatal development are called______ and are most dangerous during the
_______
stage of prenatal development.
Teratogens, embryotic
_______ ________ syndrome is an example of the scenario above and is characterized by a small head,
flat nose, wide-set eyes, poor coordination, and cognitive impairment.
Fetal alcohol
The ____ and ____ reflexes are instinctual and are crucial for feeding.
Rooting and sucking
A newborns sight range is about _____ inches; an important concept for understanding ______ abilities.
6-12, preceptual
Critical stages for motor development indicate that babies should _____ by 2 months,____
without support around 6-7 months, ____
around 9 months, and ____ around 12 months.
Lift head and shoulders, sit, stand, walk
This is the most common temperament for babies _____
and this is the most uncommon _____.
A baby who might withdraw from new situations and shows low activity is considered to be_______.
Easy, difficult, slow to warm up.
Mary Ainsworth conducted the _____ ____
experiment and determined three type of ______
- or emotional bond between child and caregiver. The results were not generalizable because she only used ______ in her.
Strange situation, attachment, mothers
Healthy attachment is known as ____ attachment.
Secure
Unhealthy attachment has two subcategories. _____ where babies are distressed when mom leaves and hard to soothe when mom comes back, compared to babies who are not likely to explore the new and may ignore their moms altogether who are considered to have ______ attachment.
Ambivalent, avoidant.
Infancy is a time to learn language. Chomsky believed we were born with a sense of _____ grammar and a _____ _____ device to help us learn language.
Universal, language acquisition
Cooing is for ___ development
Vowel
Babbling is for ___ development.
Constants
Piagets theory is one of ____ development while Erksons is one of ______ development.
Cognitive, psychosocial
Holophrases can convey a whole sentence using ___ word. Telegraphic phrases are mini- sentences using __words. By ____ years of age, children are considered fluent.
1, 2, 6
_______ ______ is the awareness that objects and people continue to exist, even if they are
out of sight and this development occurs in which of Piaget’s stages?____
Object performance, sensorimotor stage
Monica loves to pretend and can visualize a doll when she hears the word doll; she doesn’t understand conservation of matter. What stage is she in according to Piaget’s theory? _____
Preoperational stage
The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects is called______ and kids gain this knowledge in which of Piaget’s stages?_______
Conservation, Concrete operational
_______ is the term for when children view the world from only their perspective, and this occurs during
this stage of Piaget’s theory._____
Egocentrism, pre operational stage
Children at this stage use their senses and motor abilities to learn about the world; object permanence develops toward the end of this stage.
Sensorimotor stage
At this stage, a child can understand that addition and subtraction are opposite operations of each other and can make comparisons between concepts, but struggle to understand abstract concepts.
Concrete operational
At this stage, people are capable of abstract thought. They can think in terms of hypotheticals.
Formal operational
_____
is the biological category of male or female
Sex
______ is the cultural or social meanings
associated with masculinity and femininity.
Gender
A person’s behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that are designated as masculine or feminine are known as - known as _______ _____. These roles can be influenced though modeling known as ______
learning or through parents’ pleased or disappointed looks/reactions which is similar to _______
conditioning
Gender roles, observational, operant
Adolescence is a time of intense physical development in a stage called______. Primary sex characteristics, known as the ______ ______
develop and along with them, non-reproductive traits such as body hair, deeper voice, etc. known as, ________ _____ characteristics also develop. The whole purpose of all
changes is to make us ready for _______
so the human race can survive.
Puberty, reproductive organs, secondary sex, reproduction.
Not all kids go through puberty at the same time. Early development places kids at risk for _____ ______, especially due to the fact that the
_____ lobe of the brain is not fully developed yet.
Unhealthy behavior, frontal
Mary’s parents are very strict and demanding. If she doesn’t get straight As, she’s grounded. She wants to minor in drama at college, but her parents have told her that she must minor in economics if she’s to have any sort of future. According to Baumrind’s theory on parenting styles, Mary’s parents are ______
Authoritarian
Kevin listens to his son, Brad, and allows him to negotiate a later curfew. When Brad brings home a D in Algebra II, Kevin talks to him about it, sees that Brad’s really upset with himself, and - even though it was Kevin’s original intention to revoke the later curfew as punishment - he winds up giving Brad a hug and recommending that he attend after-school tutoring to improve his test scores. What type of parent is Kevin?
Authoritative
I’m a psychologist who views _____ development as a series of conflicts to be resolved. For example when I’m counseling a 15 year old boy, I explain that he’s in the stage of identity vs role confusion. Whose theory am I following? ____
Psychosocial, eriksons theory
In this stage of development, an elderly person might look back on his or her life with several regrets and unhappiness about the way things turned out. This stage is known as _____ vs ______ and for this individual the resolution of the conflict was _______. The concept of ____ is at stake.
Ego integrity vs despair, unsuccessful, wisdom.
In this stage of development, Joe developed a firm set of beliefs and values making it more difficult for him to be convinced to go against his own principles. This stage is known as ____ vs____ and for Joe, the
resolution of the conflict was_____. The concept of ______
is at stake.
Identity vs role confusion, successful, fidelity.
Susie failed a math test and was cut from the soccer team during tryouts. She is beginning to shy away from her peers who have more academic and athletic ability. If actions like these continue, the resolution of the stage ______ vs_____
will be ______. The concept of ______ is at stake.
Industry vs Inferiority, unsuccessful, confidence competence.
Tim is beginning to show more of an interest in making choices in outfits and the snacks he will have for lunch. If his parents allow him to make these choices in this ______ vs_____ stage, the resolution of this conflict will
be ______. The concept of ____ is at stake.
Autonomy vs shame/doubt, successful , will
Susie wanted to help her mother pull weeds from the flower bed. When Susie accidently pulled flowers instead of weeds, her mother scolded her and asked her not to help. If Susie experiences additional instances of being scolded during stage of _____ vs_______, the resolution of this conflict will be ______. The concept of_____ is at stake.
Initiative vs guilt, unsuccessful, purpose.
Janice is a successful business woman who is more focused on her own wealth than helping the younger people in her firm.
If Janice continues to have these self-centered notions in the _____ vs_____
stage,
the resolution of this conflict will be
_______. The concept of ______
is at stake.
Generative vs stagnation, unsuccessful, care.
Baby Mary is well taken care of, having all of her physical and emotional needs met on a regular schedule. If things continue in this fashion during the _____ vs _____
stage, the resolution of this conflict
will be ____. The concept of _____ is at stake.
Trust vs mistrust, successful , hope
Tanya is able to make close friendships and has had positive dating experiences. If she continues to make close connections During the ______ vs _____ stage, the resolution of this conflict will be ______. The concept of ____ is at stake.
Intimacy vs isolation, successful, love
Kohlberg studied ____ development, but his findings may not be generalizable due to the fact that he used a sample of all _____ and that hypothetical choices may not equate to actual ________ choices in a real life situation.
Moral, boys, behavioral
The 3 stages of kohlbergs theory are _________,________, and _________.
Pre conventional level,
conventional level, and
post conventional level
Heinz should steal the drug because he’s a good husband and it’s expected of him to do so by his wife.
Conventional 3: good boy/ girl
Heinz should NOT steal the drug because he would be put to prison for his crime.
Pre conventional 1: about punishment
Heinz should steal the drug but NOT be incarcerated because the law would be unjust if it penalized an individual for saving a life.
Post conventional 6: justice/ equality
Heinz should steal the drug but be incarcerated because he broke the law.
Conventional 4: rules are rules
Heinz should steal the drug because he would feel gratified and happier.
Pre conventional 2: reward
Heinz should steal the drug because saving a life is more important than breaking the law.
Post conventional 5: individual rights
For adults, each decade after 20 years of age is a time of ______ in terms of physical change, such as organ efficiency, strength, reaction time, and stamina. Older adults experience a _____ in the functioning of memory, perceptual speed, and fluency.
Compared to adolescents, older adults have _____ friends then adolescents and are happier.
Decline, decline, fewer
Name two ways family life is changing in america
- Young adults are marrying later in life.
- “Traditional” families are no longer norm.
According to Kinley Ross, the 5 stages of death/ dying are:
- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance
No two people handle dying the same way; most handle the process of dying in the same way they handled other________ throughout their lives.
Life stressors
