Chapter 8: Cognitive Theory & Therapy

Question 1

Michael Mahoney

Answer 1

Known for a technique called mirror time or streaming; free association while looking at himself in the mirror; founded Cognitive Therapy and research

Question 2

Forms of Cognitive Theory and Therapy

Answer 2

Rational-Semantic Cognitive Therapies
Collaborative-Empirical Cognitive Therapies
Philosophical-Constructivist Cognitive Therapies

Question 3

Albert Ellis

Answer 3

Credited with the discovery and promotion of modern rational approaches to therapy; formulated his apporach after progressively discovering in his psychotherapy practice that traditional psychoanalysis was ineffectual

Question 4

Components of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy

Answer 4

People dogmatically adhere to irrational ideas and personal philosophies
These irrational ideas cause people great distress and misery
These ideas can be boiled down to a few basic categories
Therapists can find these irrational categories rather easily in their clients’ reasoning
Therapists can successfully teach clients how to give up their misery-causing irrational beliefs

Question 5

Epictetus

Answer 5

First cognitive behavior therapist. born a slave in Phrygia; eventually influenced Marcus Aurelius as a Philosopher

Question 6

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

Answer 6

Encourages therapists to objectively examine clients’ thoughts and accurately judge those thoughts as rational or irrational; constructivist theory of therapy; encourages therapists to actively identify and label thoughts that cause clients distress and misery as irrational thoughts

Question 7

Aaron Beck

Answer 7

His approach to therapy became known as Cognitive Therapy

Question 8

Cognitive Therapy

Answer 8

Psychological problems can be mastered by sharpening discriminations, correcting misconceptions and learning more adaptive attitudes. Since introspection, insight, reality testing, and learning are basically cognitive processes, this approach to neuroses has been labeled cognitive therapy

Question 9

Collaborative Empiricism

Answer 9

Therapist works with clients to help them discover for themselves the maladaptive nature of their automatic thoughts

Question 10

Difference Between Ellis and Beck’s Therapy Styles

Answer 10

Ellis emphasizes the forceful eradication of irrational thoughts while Beck emphasizes the collaborative modification of maladaptive thoughts

Question 11

Donald Meichenbaum

Answer 11

Discovered that schizophrenics and children couldimproe their functioning after being taught to talk to themselves or to think aloud; focused on Self-Instructional Learning

Question 12

Self-Instructional Training

Answer 12

A form of cognitive behavior modification; a sequence of mediating processes involving theinteraction of inner speech, cognitive structures, and behaviors and their resultant outcomes

Question 13

Stress Inoculation Training

Answer 13

Developed by Meichenbaum, specific approach for helping clients more effectively manage difficult stressors.

Question 14

Philosophical-Constructivism

Answer 14

Founded on the premise that humans actively construct their own reality

Question 15

Essence of Cognitive Theory

Answer 15

People are disturbed not by things, but by the view which they take of them

Question 16

Cognitive Theory

Answer 16

Stimulus-Organism-Response Theory; the individual organism’s processing of environmental stimuli is the driving force determining his or her specific response. S-O-R Theory, the O represents the brain or processing system of the individual

Question 17

S-O-R Theory

Answer 17

Stimulus-Organism-Response Theory; there is a conscious thought between an external event and a particular emotional response

Question 18

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Theory

Answer 18

Views humans as neither inherently good nor inherently bad; humans have the potential for thinking both rationally or irrationally

Question 19

A-B-C Model

Answer 19

A = Activating Event that has occured in the individual's life
B = the individual's belief about the activating event
C = consequent emotion and behavior derived from the individual's belief

Question 20

Main Thrust of REBT

Answer 20

To demonstrate that current beliefs are irrational; to help substitute a rational belief for a current irrational belief, which will result in morepositive and more comfortable consequent feelings; D=disputing the irrational belief, E=effect on the client; F=client experiences a new feeling

Question 21

REBT Psychopathology

Answer 21

Direct function of irrational beliefs, consistent with Horney’s Tyranny of the Shoulds; the core of human disturbance is musterbation, absolutistic thinking or dogma

Question 22

Basic Irrational Beliefs

Answer 22

I must do well and be approved by significant others
You other humans with whom I relate must, ought, and should treate me considerately and fairly
Conditions under which I live must be arranged so that i can easily and immediately (with no real effort, have a free lunch), get what I command.

Question 23

Similarities between Beck’s Cognitive Therapy and Ellis’ REBT

Answer 23

Cognition is at the core of human suffering

The therapist’s job is to help clients modify distress-producing thoughts

Question 24

Beck’s Teory of Personality and Psychotherapy

Answer 24

In the process of living, individuals are exposed to a variety of specific life events or situations, some of which trigger automatic, maladaptive thoughts.
These maladaptive thoughts are characterized by their faultiness; they are too narrow, to broad, too extreme, or simply inaccurate.
An individual’s maladaptive thoughts are usually derived from deeply held maladaptive core beliefs (schemas/dysfunctional attitudes)
Individuals generally acquire these core beliefs during childhood
These automatic thoughts, core eliefs, and their associated emotional disturbances can be modiefied via cognitive therapy - a procedure that does not require exploration of a client’s past

Question 25

Socratic Questioning

Answer 25

Asking questions that help client focus on
Awareness of automatic thoughts and core beliefs
Evaluation of the usefulness and accuracy of automatic thoughts and core beliefs
Possible strategies for modifying automatic thoughts and core beliefs

Question 26

Cognitive Distortions

Answer 26

Faulty assumptions and misconceptions; triggered by external events produce automatic thoughts, which are often linked to underlying core beliefs or schemas

Question 27

Beck’s Cognitive Triad which Characterize Depressive Conditions

Answer 27

Negative evaluation of self “I am unworthy”
Negative evaluation of the world or specific events “Everything is just more evidence that the world is falling apart”
Negative evaluation of the future “Nothing will ever get better”

Question 28

Beck’s Cognitive Distortions in Cognitive Therapy

Answer 28

Arbitrary Inference
Selective Abstraction
Personalization
Dichotomous/Polarized Thinking
Labeling and Mislabeling
Magnification and Minimization
Overgeneralization

Question 29

Arbitrary Inference

Answer 29

Jumping to conclusions; similar to Ellis’ catastrophizing. clients conclude without any supporting or relevant evidence that the worst possible outcome will happen

Question 30

Selective Abstraction

Answer 30

Most relevant information about a situation is ignored while one minor detail provides the basis for a negative conclusion

Question 31

Personalization/Self-Referencing

Answer 31

Taking everything personally;

Question 32

Dichotomous/Polarized Thinking

Answer 32

Common among clients with borderline or narcissistic personality traits; viewing people and situations as black or white, good or bad

Question 33

Labeling and Mislabeling

Answer 33

Hanging on to inaccurate or maladaptive labels, despite their lack of utility; can have maladaptive features; overly positive and inappropriate level

Question 34

Magnification and Minimization

Answer 34

Also referred to as Overestimation and underestimation; when a client makes a mountain out of a molehill and vice versa

Question 35

Overgeneralization

Answer 35

Occurs when an individual generalizes and comes to a strong conclusion on the basis of a single or small number of incidents, the conclusion may be unwarranted

Question 36

Treatment phases of Stress Incoluation Training Procedures

Answer 36

Conceptualization
Skills acquisition and Rehearsal
Application and Follow-through

Question 37

Conceptualization

Answer 37

Includes the development of a collaborative relationship, the use of socratic questioning to educate clients about the nature and impact of stress, and conceptualization of stressful situations as “problems-to-be-solved”

Question 38

Skills acquisition and rehearsal

Answer 38

Specific coping skills are taught and practiced in the office setting and eventually in vivo; examples include relaxation training, self-instructional training, emotional self-regulation, and communication skills training

Question 39

Application and follow-through

Answer 39

Clients apply their newly acquired coping skills to increasingly challenging stressors. RElapse prevention strategies, attribution procedures, and booster sessions are built into this final phase of the stress inoculation training model

Question 40

Assessment Issues and Procedures of Cognitive Theory and Therapy

Answer 40

Collaborative Interviewing
Self-Rating Scales
Cognitive Self-Monitoring

Question 41

Collaborative Interviewing

Answer 41

The patient and the therapist work together to make a Problem List, propose some core beliefs, set goals for treatment, choose interventions, and monitor progress

Question 42

Questions to ask during Collaborative Interviewing

Answer 42

What was going though your mind just before you started to feel this way?
What does this say about you?
What does this mean about you…your life..your future?
What are you afraid might happen?
What is the worst thing that could happen if this were true?
What does this mean about the other person (s) or people in general?
Do you have images or memories in this situation? If so, what are they?

Question 43

Self-Rating Scales

Answer 43

Beck Depression Inventory

Question 44

Cognitive Self-Monitoring

Answer 44

Using Thought Records

Question 45

Thought Records

Answer 45

Date and time of emotional response
Situation that elicited the emotional response
The behaviors the client engaged in
Emotions that were elicited
Associated thoughts that occured during the situation
Any other related responses

Question 46

Specific Cognitive Therapy Techniques

Answer 46

Generating Alternative Interpretations
Vigorous and Forceful Disputing
Thinking in Shades of Grey
Exploring the Consequences of Giving up the "Should" Rule
Other Therapy Techniques

Question 47

Generating Alternative Interpretations

Answer 47

Useful technique with clients who hold onto maladaptive or irrational automatic thoughts despite the fact that other, more reasonable, interpretations or explanations exist

Question 48

Misattribution of Hostility

Answer 48

Quickly and Incorrectly interpreting the behavior of others as hostile

Question 49

Vigorous and Forceful Disputing

Answer 49

Repeated practice at more and more forceful cognitive disputing procedures

Question 50

Thinking in Shades of Grey

Answer 50

Involves taking a client’s automatic thoughts, assmptions, or conclusions about a specific performance and placing them on a concrete, measurable scale

Question 51

Exploring the Consequences of Giving up the “Should” Rule

Answer 51

Variation of response prevention; verbalizing the client’s should rule to predict what would happen if the should was not followed, to carry out an experiment to test theprediction, and to revise his should rule according to the outcome of the experiment

Question 52

Validated Therapies with Cognitive Emphasis

Answer 52

Cognitive-Behavior therapy for Panic Disorder with and without Agoraphobia
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Stress Inoculation training for coping with stressors
Cognitive therapy for depression
Cognitive-behavior therapy for Bulimia Nervosa
Multicomponent Cognitive Behavior Therapy for pain associated with rheumatic disease
Multicomponent cognitive behavior therapy with relapse prevention for smoking cessation