chapter 8: cognitive development in early childhood

Question 1

Define

Egocentrism

Answer 1

inability to take another persons point of view or perspective

Question 2

Define

Animism

Answer 2

beleif that inanimate objects are alive and have feelings and intentions

Question 3

Define:

Centration

Answer 3

tendency to focus attention on one part of a stimulus or situation and exclude all others

Question 4

Define:

irreversibility

Answer 4

failure to understand that reversing a process can often undo a process and restore the original state

Question 5

Define:

vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

Answer 5

mental activity/ cognition is influenced by culture, specifically, the cultural tools that members of a culture have

Question 6

define

guided participation and scaffolding

Answer 6

children learn through guided participation in which the partner is attuned to the needs of the child of the child and help him or her accoomplish more than the child could do alone

Question 7

Answer:

What does self talk help a child do?

Answer 7

self regulate of impulse and behave appropriately

Question 8

Answer:

What percentage of utterances by children 4-10 years of age is self talk?

Answer 8

20% -50%

Question 9

Answer:

What does self talk help children do?

Answer 9

Helps in self regulation of imoulse and behaving appropriately

Question 10

Answer:

When do children use self talk most?

Answer 10

when working on difficult tasks or without adult supervision

Question 11

Answer:

When does self talk fade?

Answer 11

during elementary school

fades to whisper/silent

Question 12

define:

Autobiographical memory

Answer 12

refers to memory of personally meaningful events that took place at a specific time or place in ones past

Question 13

define:

theory of mind

Answer 13

refers to children’s awareness of their own and other peoples mental processes

Question 14

define

False belief

Answer 14

young children do not yet understand people can hold different beleifs and that some may be incorrect

Question 15

define:

context

Answer 15

social and contextual factors may influence the specific pattern of theory of mind development

Question 16

Define

Metacognition

Answer 16

young children demonstrate a growing ability for understanding the mind

Question 17

Answer:

At age 2 about how many words does a child know

Answer 17

500 words

Question 18

Answer:

At age 3 how many words does a child know

Answer 18

900-1000 words

Question 19

define

At age 6 how many words does a child know

Answer 19

14,000 words

Question 20

define

overegulization errors

Answer 20

applying a rule they learned such as past tense bc they apply grammatical rules too stringent

Question 21

define

social learning theory

Answer 21

views all behavior, including moral behavior as acquired through reinforcement and modeling

Question 22

define

cognitive develpoment theory

Answer 22

views moral development through a cognitive lens and examines reasoning about moral issues as either right or wrong

Question 23

define

heteronomous morality

Answer 23

piagets first stage of moral development in which children view rules as strict and to be obeyed

Question 24

define

preconventional reasoning

Answer 24

Kohlber posed hypothetical dilemmas to children to see how they reasoned about right and wrong