chapter 4: physical development infant-toddler

Question 1

definition:

proximodistal

Answer 1

refers to the principle that growth starts from center of body outwards

Question 2

definition:

growth norms

Answer 2

expectations for typical gains and variations in height and weight

Question 3

Answer

growth norms are based on

2 points

Answer 3

• chronological age
• ethnic background

Question 4

Answer:

at what age do infants double birth weight?

Answer 4

4 months

Question 5

Answer

At what age do infants triple birthrate?

Answer 5

12 months

Question 6

Answer

infants quadruple birth rate by what age?

Answer 6

2.5 years

Question 7

Answer

infant growth appears to be tied to what?

Answer 7

sleep

increased sleep predicts growth spurts

Question 8

Answer

infants first nutritional experience is through

Answer 8

breastmilk

Question 9

List

effects of malnutrition

Answer 9

• cognitive deficits
• impairments last well past adulthood

Question 10

definition:

growth faltering

Answer 10

known as failure to thrive

Question 11

Definition:

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

(< age)

Answer 11

unexpected death of an infant less than 1 year of age during sleep

Question 12

list:

environmental stressors that could contribute to SIDS

4 points

Answer 12

• infant sleeping on stomach/side
• use of soft bedding (sofas)
• bed sharing/ co-sleeping
• exposure to tobacco smoke

Question 13

definition:

growth stunting

Answer 13

reduced growth rate

Question 14

what is:

marasmus

Answer 14

a wasting disease in which the body’s fat and muscles are depleted

Question 15

What is:

Kwashiorkor

2 points

Answer 15

caused by sudden deprivation of food and calories and an insufficient intake of protein

bloating/ swelling of stomach, face legs and arms

Question 16

List:

effects of failure to thrive

3 points (delays in)

Answer 16

• cognitive
• verbal
• behavioral skills

Question 17

definiton:

neurogenesis

Answer 17

creation of new neurons, begins in the embryo’s neural tube

Question 18

definition:

Glial cells

Answer 18

nourish neurons and move throughout the brain to provide physical structure to the brain

Question 19

definintion:

synapses

Answer 19

• gap between neurons that allows signals to pass

neural network of axons and dendrites

Question 20

definiton:

synaptogenesis

Answer 20

• the formation of synapses

as the dendrite grow and branch out neurons form synapses and thereby increase connections with others

Question 21

definiton:

synaptic pruning

Answer 21

the process where unused neural connections will eventually disappear

Question 22

definition:

myelination

Answer 22

glial cells produce and coat axons of neurons with a fatty substance (myelin sheath)

Question 23

what is:

cortex

Answer 23

wrinkled most outer layer of the brain

Question 24

definition:

lateralization

Answer 24

right and left hemispheres are specialized for different functions

Question 25

definiton:

hemispheric dominance

Answer 25

one hemisphere becomes stronger and more adept

Question 26

What is:

corpus callosum

Answer 26

connects left and right hemisphere

Question 27

what is:

experience expectant brain development

Answer 27

brain depends on experiencing certain basic events and stimuli at key points in time to develop normally

speech

Question 28

what is:

experience dependent brain development

Answer 28

growth that occurs in response to learning experiences

brain development as learning in response to experiences

Question 29

fill in the blank

neonates sleep __ hours a day

Answer 29

neonates sleep 16-18 hours a day

Question 30

Answer:

what does sleep promote?

2 points

Answer 30

• physical growth/development
• increased connections among neurons

Question 31

Fill in the blank

infants spend half their sleep time in__

Answer 31

REM

Rapid Eye Movement

Question 32

Fill in the blank

REM sleep provides __ and promotes ___ and ___

Answer 32

REM sleep provides stimulation and promotes cognitive growth and brain development

Question 33

Answer

What is REM sleep associated with

3 points

Answer 33

• memory formation
• attention
• learning