chapter 4: physical development infant-toddler Flashcards
definition:
proximodistal
refers to the principle that growth starts from center of body outwards
definition:
growth norms
expectations for typical gains and variations in height and weight
Answer
growth norms are based on
2 points
- chronological age
- ethnic background
Answer:
at what age do infants double birth weight?
4 months
Answer
At what age do infants triple birthrate?
12 months
Answer
infants quadruple birth rate by what age?
2.5 years
Answer
infant growth appears to be tied to what?
sleep
increased sleep predicts growth spurts
Answer
infants first nutritional experience is through
breastmilk
List
effects of malnutrition
- cognitive deficits
- impairments last well past adulthood
definition:
growth faltering
known as failure to thrive
Definition:
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
(< age)
unexpected death of an infant less than 1 year of age during sleep
list:
environmental stressors that could contribute to SIDS
4 points
- infant sleeping on stomach/side
- use of soft bedding (sofas)
- bed sharing/ co-sleeping
- exposure to tobacco smoke
definition:
growth stunting
reduced growth rate
what is:
marasmus
a wasting disease in which the body’s fat and muscles are depleted
What is:
Kwashiorkor
2 points
caused by sudden deprivation of food and calories and an insufficient intake of protein
bloating/ swelling of stomach, face legs and arms
List:
effects of failure to thrive
3 points (delays in)
- cognitive
- verbal
- behavioral skills
definiton:
neurogenesis
creation of new neurons, begins in the embryo’s neural tube
definition:
Glial cells
nourish neurons and move throughout the brain to provide physical structure to the brain
definintion:
synapses
- gap between neurons that allows signals to pass
neural network of axons and dendrites
definiton:
synaptogenesis
- the formation of synapses
as the dendrite grow and branch out neurons form synapses and thereby increase connections with others
definiton:
synaptic pruning
the process where unused neural connections will eventually disappear
definition:
myelination
glial cells produce and coat axons of neurons with a fatty substance (myelin sheath)
what is:
cortex
wrinkled most outer layer of the brain
definition:
lateralization
right and left hemispheres are specialized for different functions
