Chapter 8 - Cattell, Eysenck, Five factor theory, HEXACO, and the Dark Triad

Question 1

Factor analysis

Answer 1

A statistical technique based on correlations between several measures, which may be explained in terms of underlying factors

Question 2

Traits

Answer 2

To Cattell, reaction tendencies, derived by the method of factor analysis, that are relatively permanent parts of the personality

Question 3

Common traits

Answer 3

Traits possessed in some degree by all persons

Question 4

Unique traits

Answer 4

Traits possessed by one or a few persons

Question 5

Ability traits

Answer 5

Traits that describe our skills and how efficiently we will be able to work toward our goals.

Question 6

Temperament traits

Answer 6

Traits that describe our general behavioural style in responding to our environment

Question 7

Dynamic traits

Answer 7

Traits that describe our motivations and interests

Question 8

Surface traits.

Answer 8

Traits that show a correlation but do not constitute a factor because they are not determined by a single source

Question 9

Source traits

Answer 9

Stable and permanent traits that are basic factors of personality, derived by the method of factor analysis

Question 10

Constitutional traits

Answer 10

Source traits that depend on our physiological characteristics

Question 11

Environmental-mole traits

Answer 11

Source traits that are learned from social and environmental interactions

Question 12

L-data

Answer 12

Life-record rating of behaviours observed in real-life situations, such as the classroom or office

Question 13

Q-data

Answer 13

Self-report questionnaire rating of our characteristics, attitudes, and interests

Question 14

T-data

Answer 14

Data derived from personality tests that are resistant to faking

Question 15

Behavioural genetics

Answer 15

The study of the relationship between genetics or hereditary factors and personality traits

Question 16

Cattell’s stages of personality development

Answer 16

1) infancy (birth to 6) - weaning; toilet training; formation of ego, superego, and social attitudes
2) childhood (6-14)- independence from parents and identification with peers
3) adolescence (14-23) - conflicts about independence, self-assertion, and sex
4) maturity (23-50) - satisfaction with career, marriage, and family
5) late maturity (50-65) - personality changes in response to physical and social circumstances
6) old age (65+) - adjustment to loss of friends, careers, and status

Question 17

McCrae and Costa’s Big Five Personality factors

Answer 17

Neuroticism- worries, insecure, nervous, highly strung
Extraversion - sociable, talkative, fun-loving, affectionate
Openness - original, independent, creative, daring
Agreeableness - good-natured, softhearted, trusting, courteous
Conscientiousness - careful, reliable, hardworking, organized.

Question 18

Hierarchy of five innate needs

Answer 18

An arrangement of innate needs, from strongest to weakest, that activates and directs behaviour

Question 19

Instinctoid needs

Answer 19

Maslow’s term for the innate needs in his need-hierarchy theory

Question 20

Deficit (deficiency) needs

Answer 20

The lower needs; failure to satisfy them produces a deficiency in the body

Question 21

Growth (being) needs

Answer 21

The higher needs; although growth needs are less necessary than deficit needs for survival, they involve the realization and fulfillment of human potential

Question 22

Self-actualization

Answer 22

The fullest development of the self

Question 23

Cognitive needs

Answer 23

Innate needs to know and to understand

Question 24

Metamotivation

Answer 24

The motivation of self-actualizers, which involves maximizing personal potential rather than striving for a particular goal object

Question 25

Metaneeds

Answer 25

Stages of growth or being toward which self-actualizers evolve

Question 26

Metapathology

Answer 26

A thwarting of self-development relates to failure to satisfy the metaneeds

Question 27

Peak experience

Answer 27

A moment of intense ecstasy, similar to a religious or mystical experience, during which the self is transcended

Question 28

Jonah complex

Answer 28

The fear that maximizing our potential will lead to situation with which we will be in able to cope - “run” through self sabotage - fear of appearing arrogant, or standing out, or fear of responsibilities that will be on our shoulders

Question 29

Physiological needs

Answer 29

- food, water, and sex - basic survival needs - rare concern for middle-class Americans - motivating forcing for future with basic survival concerns

Question 30

Safety needs

Answer 30

- security, order, and stability | - important drive for children and neurotic adults

Question 31

Belongingness and love needs

Answer 31

- expressed through relationships with friend, lover, social groups, and forms of social media - failure = emotional maladjustment - social need = giving and receiving

Question 32

Esteem needs

Answer 32

- esteem from self - feelings of self-worth - feeling like I have accomplished something of worth - esteem from others - through status, social success, and recognition - external recognition and affirmation - failure = feelings of inferiority, helplessness, and discouragement

Question 33

Self-actualization need

Answer 33

- fullest development of the self - reaching full potential - no end point - always able to grow further - only 1% attain this - necessary conditions include: freedom from societal of self-constraints, no distractions by lower needs, secure in self-image and relationships, realistic knowledge of self (vices and verses)

Question 34

Cognitive needs

Answer 34

- innate need to know and understand - appears in late infancy and early childhood - natural curiosity - necessary for self-actualization - need added on to Maslow’s theory after the self-esteem need