Chapter 8 - Cattell, Eysenck, Five factor theory, HEXACO, and the Dark Triad Flashcards
Factor analysis
A statistical technique based on correlations between several measures, which may be explained in terms of underlying factors
Traits
To Cattell, reaction tendencies, derived by the method of factor analysis, that are relatively permanent parts of the personality
Common traits
Traits possessed in some degree by all persons
Unique traits
Traits possessed by one or a few persons
Ability traits
Traits that describe our skills and how efficiently we will be able to work toward our goals.
Temperament traits
Traits that describe our general behavioural style in responding to our environment
Dynamic traits
Traits that describe our motivations and interests
Surface traits.
Traits that show a correlation but do not constitute a factor because they are not determined by a single source
Source traits
Stable and permanent traits that are basic factors of personality, derived by the method of factor analysis
Constitutional traits
Source traits that depend on our physiological characteristics
Environmental-mole traits
Source traits that are learned from social and environmental interactions
L-data
Life-record rating of behaviours observed in real-life situations, such as the classroom or office
Q-data
Self-report questionnaire rating of our characteristics, attitudes, and interests
T-data
Data derived from personality tests that are resistant to faking
Behavioural genetics
The study of the relationship between genetics or hereditary factors and personality traits
Cattell’s stages of personality development
1) infancy (birth to 6) - weaning; toilet training; formation of ego, superego, and social attitudes
2) childhood (6-14)- independence from parents and identification with peers
3) adolescence (14-23) - conflicts about independence, self-assertion, and sex
4) maturity (23-50) - satisfaction with career, marriage, and family
5) late maturity (50-65) - personality changes in response to physical and social circumstances
6) old age (65+) - adjustment to loss of friends, careers, and status
McCrae and Costa’s Big Five Personality factors
Neuroticism- worries, insecure, nervous, highly strung
Extraversion - sociable, talkative, fun-loving, affectionate
Openness - original, independent, creative, daring
Agreeableness - good-natured, softhearted, trusting, courteous
Conscientiousness - careful, reliable, hardworking, organized.
Hierarchy of five innate needs
An arrangement of innate needs, from strongest to weakest, that activates and directs behaviour
Instinctoid needs
Maslow’s term for the innate needs in his need-hierarchy theory
Deficit (deficiency) needs
The lower needs; failure to satisfy them produces a deficiency in the body
Growth (being) needs
The higher needs; although growth needs are less necessary than deficit needs for survival, they involve the realization and fulfillment of human potential
Self-actualization
The fullest development of the self
Cognitive needs
Innate needs to know and to understand
Metamotivation
The motivation of self-actualizers, which involves maximizing personal potential rather than striving for a particular goal object
Metaneeds
Stages of growth or being toward which self-actualizers evolve
Metapathology
A thwarting of self-development relates to failure to satisfy the metaneeds
Peak experience
A moment of intense ecstasy, similar to a religious or mystical experience, during which the self is transcended
Jonah complex
The fear that maximizing our potential will lead to situation with which we will be in able to cope
- “run” through self sabotage - fear of appearing arrogant, or standing out, or fear of responsibilities that will be on our shoulders
Physiological needs
- food, water, and sex
- basic survival needs
- rare concern for middle-class Americans
- motivating forcing for future with basic survival concerns
Safety needs
- security, order, and stability
- important drive for children and neurotic adults
Belongingness and love needs
- expressed through relationships with friend, lover, social groups, and forms of social media
- failure = emotional maladjustment
- social need = giving and receiving
Esteem needs
- esteem from self - feelings of self-worth - feeling like I have accomplished something of worth
- esteem from others - through status, social success, and recognition - external recognition and affirmation
- failure = feelings of inferiority, helplessness, and discouragement
Self-actualization need
- fullest development of the self - reaching full potential
- no end point - always able to grow further
- only 1% attain this
- necessary conditions include: freedom from societal of self-constraints, no distractions by lower needs, secure in self-image and relationships, realistic knowledge of self (vices and verses)
Cognitive needs
- innate need to know and understand
- appears in late infancy and early childhood - natural curiosity
- necessary for self-actualization
- need added on to Maslow’s theory after the self-esteem need
