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Theories of Personality > Chapter 2 - Freud > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Freud Flashcards

1
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality and system of therapy for treating mental disorders

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2
Q

Instincts

A

In Freud’s system, mental representations of internal stimuli, such as hunger, that drive a person to take certain actions

  • form of energy that connects needs and wishes of the mind
  • homeostatic approach - people are motivated to restore and maintain psychological equilibrium (a peace within themselves)
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3
Q

Life instincts

A

The drive for ensuring survival of the individual and the species by satisfying the needs for food, water, air, and sex.

(Involves libido and cathexis)

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4
Q

Libido

A

To Freud, the form of psychic energy, manifested by the life instincts, that drives a person toward pleasurable behaviour and thoughts.

Also understood to be our sexual drive and can be attached to an object or person

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5
Q

Cathexis

A

Investment of psychic energy (sexual drive) in an object or person

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6
Q

Death instincts

A

The unconscious drive toward decay, destruction, and aggression

Involves the aggressive drive - the compulsion to destroy, conquer, and kill

“The goal of all of life is to die” - but our life instincts balances this desire out

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7
Q

Structures of the personality

A

Id
Ego
Superego

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8
Q

Id

A

To Freud, the aspect of the personality allied with the instincts; the source of psychic energy, the id operates according to the pleasure principle

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9
Q

Pleasure principle

A

Functions to avoid pain and maximize pleasure

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10
Q

Primary-process thought

A

Childlike thinking by which the is attempts to satisfy instinctual drive

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11
Q

Ego

A

To Freud, the rational aspect of the personality, responsible for directing and controlling the instincts according to the reality principle

Weighs out consequences and benefits
Wrestled between Id and superego (goes between unconscious, subconscious, and conscious)

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12
Q

Reality principle

A

The principle by which the ego functions to provide appropriate constraints on the expression of the is instincts (stands in opposition to the pleasure principle)

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13
Q

Secondary-process thought

A

Mature thought processes needed to deal rationally with the external world

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14
Q

Superego

A

To Freud, the moral aspect of personality; the internalization of parental and societal values and standards

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15
Q

Conscience

A

A component of the superego that contains behaviours for which the child has been punished

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16
Q

Ego-ideal

A

A component of the superego that contains the moral and ideal behaviours for which a person should strive (awareness of inability to attain this, though seek to in order to achieve pride and reward)

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17
Q

Anxiety

A

To Freud, a feeling of fear without an obvious cause

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18
Q

Reality anxiety

A

Fear of tangible dangers

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19
Q

Neurotic anxiety

A

Involves conflict between Id and ego (unconscious fear of being punished for impulsively displaying id-dominated behaviour

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20
Q

Moral anxiety

A

Involves conflict between Id and super ego (fear of conscience - motivated to express an instinctual impulse that is contrary to your moral code, your super ego retaliates by causing you to feel shame or guilt)

21
Q

Purpose of anxiety

A
  • signals problem - ego is threatened

- induces tension - drive that individual must satisfy

22
Q

Defence mechanisms

A

Strategies the ego uses to defend itself against the anxiety provoked by conflict of every day life - involve denials or distortions of reality

Example: repression, denial, reaction formation, projection, regression, rationalization, displacement, sublimation

23
Q

Repression

A

A defence mechanism that involves the unconscious denial of the existence of something that causes anxiety

24
Q

Denial

A

Involves denying the existence of an external threat or traumatic event

25
Q

Reaction formation

A

Involves expressing an Id impulse that is the opposite of the one truly driving the person

26
Q

Projection

A

Involves attributing a disturbing impulse to someone else

27
Q

Regression

A

Involves retreating to an earlier, less frustrating period of life and displaying the childish and dependent behaviours characteristic of the more secure time.

28
Q

Rationalization

A

Involves reinterpreting behaviour to make more acceptable and less threatening

29
Q

Displacement

A

Involves shifting Id impulses from a threatening or unavailable object to a substitute object that is available

30
Q

Sublimation

A

Involves altering or displacing id impulses by diverting instinctual energy into socially acceptable behaviours (compromise) - expressing oneself through art

31
Q

Psychosexual stages of development.

A

To Freud, the oral, anal, phallic, and genital stages through which all children lass. In these stages, gratification of the id instincts depends on the stimulation of corresponding areas of the body.

Each stage has erogenous zone - must resolve conflict to move to next stage

32
Q

Fixation

A

Portion of the libido remains invested in one of the stages - caused due to excessive frustration or gratification

33
Q

Oral stage

A 
Age: birth - 1 
Characteristics 
- mouth is erogenous zone 
- pleasure derived from suckling 
- Id is dominant 
- involves taking in (oral incorporation), or spitting out (oral aggression)
34
Q

Oral fixation

A

Oral incorporation: taking things in - pleasurable activities like nursing and eating.
- those fixated here may be passive or gullible

Oral aggressive: excessive pessimism and aggressively
- those fixated here may be aggressive and have foul language

35
Q

Anal stage

A 
Age: 1-3 
Characteristics: 
- anus is primary erogenous zone 
- toilet training (external reality) interferes with gratification received from defecation (conflict emerges here!) 
- involves letting go or holding back
36
Q

Phallic stage

A

Age: 4-5
Characteristic:
- genitals are primary erogenous zone - desire to explore and manipulate their genitals
- superego development - parents say touching genitals and exploring other is not appropriate and child begins to understand those values

37
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

During the phallic stage (4-5), the unconscious desire of a boy for his mother, accompanied by a desire to replace or destroy his father.

38
Q

Castration anxiety

A

Belief that his father will cut off his penis as a punishment for being too aggressive towards his father as result of jealousy

39
Q

Electra complex

A

During phallic stage (ages 4-5) the unconscious Infatuated and longing for what the father has - may he upset with mother for her state

40
Q

Penis envy

A

Belief that she has somehow lost her penis and feelings of jealousy toward male.

41
Q

Latency period

A 
Age: 5- puberty 
Characteristics: 
- not a true stage - period of rest 
- Id is repressed, not gone - but energy is utilized for different tasks - sex instinct sublimated into school activities, hobbies, and sports 
- focus on same sex relationships
42
Q

Genital stage

A

Age: adolescence - adulthood
Characteristics:
- focus of sexual longing no longer in mother/father, but rather, a peer of the opposite sex
- homosexual behaviour would have been seen as a result of fixation on earlier stage
- confirming to societal sanctions of sexual expression
- finding satisfaction in love and work
- focus committed adult relationships-begin to think about what will be helpful to others and their welfare

43
Q

Freud’s view of human nature

A

Deterministic

  • ultimate goal was to reduce tension
  • universality in human nature
  • personality is determined by childhood experience
  • contended that psychoanalysis can create free will
44
Q

Free association

A

A technique in which the patient says whatever comes to mind. In other words, it is a kind of daydreaming out loud

45
Q

Catharsis

A

Expression of emotion expected to reduce symptoms (a releasing of negative emotions)

46
Q

Resistance

A

In free association, a blockage or refusal to disclose painful memories

47
Q

Dream analysis

A

Manifest content: actual dream events

Latent content: hidden and symbolic meaning

48
Q

Subliminal perception

A

Perception below the threshold or conscious awareness

49
Q

Case study

A

A detailed history of an individual that contains data from the variety of sources

Theories of Personality (12 decks)

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