Chapter 13 - Bandura Flashcards
Observational learning
Learning new responses by observing the behaviour of other people
Vicarious reinforcement
Learning or strengthening a behaviour by observing the behaviour of others, and the consequences of that behaviour, rather than experiencing the reinforcement or consequences directly
Modeling
A behaviour-modification technique that involves observing the behaviour of others (the models) and participating with them in performing the desired behaviour
Disinhibition
The weakening of inhibitions or constraints by observing the behaviour of a model
Attentional process
Developing our cognitive processes and perceptual skills do that we can pay attention to a model, and perceiving the model accurately enough, to imitate displayed behaviour
Example: staying awake during driver’s education class
Retention processes
Retaining or remembering the model’s behaviour so that we can imitate or repeat it at a later time; for this, we use our cognitive processes to form mental images and verbal descriptions of the model’s behaviour.
Example: taking notes on the lecture material or the video of a person driving a car
Production processes
Translating the mental images or verbal symbolic representations of the model’s behaviour into our own overt behaviour by physically producing the responses and reciting feedback on the accuracy of our continued practice
Example: getting in a car with an instructor to practice shifting gears and dodging the traffic cones in the school parking lot
Incentive and motivational processes
Perceiving that the model’s behaviour leads to a reward and thus expecting that out learning - and successful performance - of the same behaviour will lead to similar consequences.
Example: expecting that when we have mastered driving skills, we will pass the state test and receive a driver’s license.
Self (according to Bandura)
Set of cognitive processes and structure concerned with thought and perception
Self-reinforcement
Administering rewards or punishments to oneself for meeting, exceeding, or falling short of one’s own expectations or standards
Self-efficacy
Our feeling of adequacy, efficiency, and competence in coping with life
Sources of information about self-efficacy
1) performance attainment - prior achievements or failures will effect how one approaches current situations
2) vicarious experiences - seeing others’ successful performances or failures
3) verbal persuasion - reminding people of their abilities (realistically)
4) physiological and emotional arousal - being calm and composed can lead to higher self-efficacy
Guided participation
Involves watching a live model and then Participating with the model
Covert modeling
Subjects are instructed to imagine a model coping with a fear or threatening situation; they do not actually are a model
Reciprocal determinism
The idea that behaviour is controlled or determined by the individual, through cognitive processes, and by the environment, through external social stimulus events (I.e. behaviour is controlled by the person through the cognitive processes, and by the environment through external social situations)
