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Medical Terminology > Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

Venules

A

Develop from the union of capillaries

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1
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood from the heart to all cells of the body

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2
Q

Veins

A

Return blood to the heart

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3
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Portion of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, and peristalsis

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4
Q

Leaflet

A

Flat, leaf shaped structure that comprises the valves of the heart and prevents back flow of blood

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5
Q

Lumen

A

Tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube

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6
Q

Regurgitation

A

Back flow or ejecting of contents through an opening

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7
Q

Sphincter

A

Circular muscle found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constricts or dilates to regulate passage of substances through its opening

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8
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of digests, medications, or physiological processes

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9
Q

Vasodilation

A

widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls

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10
Q

Viscosity

A

State of being sticky or gummy

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11
Q

Tunica extrema

A

Outer coat composed of connective tissue that provides strength and flexibility

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12
Q

Tunica media

A

Middle layer composed of smooth muscle

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13
Q

Tunica intima

A

Thin, inner lining of the lumen of the vessel, composed of endothelial cells that provide a smooth surface on the inside of the vessel

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14
Q

Arterioles

A

Smaller arteries

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15
Q

Capillaries

A

Microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system

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16
Q

Valves

A

Small structures within veins that prevent the back flow of blood

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17
Q

Pericardium

A

Sac where heart is found

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18
Q

Endocardium

A

Serous membrane that lines the four chambers of the heart and it’s valves and is continuous with the endothelium of the arteries and veins

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19
Q

Myocardium

A

Muscular layer of the heart

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20
Q

Epicardium

A

Outermost layer of the heart

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21
Q

Atriums

A

Upper chambers of the heart that collect blood

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22
Q

Ventricles

A

Lower chambers of the heart that pump blood from the heart

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23
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Pumping blood into the lungs

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24
Q

Systematic circulation

A

Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation, and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body

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25
Q

Superior vena cava

A

One of the large veins that collects and carries blood from the upper body

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26
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

One of the large veins that collects and carries blood from the lower body

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27
Q

Aorta

A

Largest artery of the body

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28
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

Permits blood to flow In only one direction

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29
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Consisting of thee leaflets

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30
Q

Pulmonic valve

A

Prevents regurgitation of blood into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery

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31
Q

Mitral valve

A

Structure consisting of two leaflets

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32
Q

Right coronary artery

A

Artery vascularizing the right side of the heart

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33
Q

Left coronary artery

A

Artery vascularizing the left side of the heart

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34
Q

Conduction tissue

A

Specialized cardiac tissue that initiates and spreads contraction impulses

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35
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

Posses its own intrinsic rhythm, has ability to initiate and propagate each heartbeat thereby setting the basic pace (pacemaker)

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36
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

Causes atria to contract

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37
Q

Bundle of His

A

Conduction of fibers that relays the impulse to the purkinje fibers

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38
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Transmit the impulse to the right and left ventricles causing them to contract

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39
Q

Electrocardiograph

A

Records impulse transmission through the conduction system generates weak electrical impulses on the surface of the body on graph paper

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40
Q

P wave

A

Depolarization (contraction) of the atria

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41
Q

QRS complex

A

Depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles

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42
Q

T wave

A

Repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles

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43
Q

Blood pressure

A

Force exerted by blood against the arterial walls during two phases of a heartbeat

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44
Q

Systole

A

Contraction phase of BP

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45
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation phase of BP

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46
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

Measures BP and records it Asa two figures separated by a diagonal line

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47
Q

Aneurysm

A

Widened blood vessel

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48
Q

Angi

A

Vessel

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49
Q

Vascul

A

Vessel

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50
Q

Ather

A

Fatty plaque

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51
Q

Hemangi

A

Blood vessel

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52
Q

My

A

Muscle

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53
Q

Phleb

A

Vein

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54
Q

Scler

A

Hardening

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55
Q

Sphygm

A

Pulse

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56
Q

Thromb

A

Blood clot

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57
Q

Sten

A

Narrowing, stricture

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58
Q

Vas

A

Vessel

59
Q

Angina

A

Chest pain

60
Q

Dyspnea

A

Breathing difficulties

61
Q

Arrhythmias

A

Cardiac irregularities

62
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Progressive degenerative disease of arterial walls that causes them to become thickened and brittle commonly caused by buildup of plaque like substances composed of lipids

63
Q

Embolus

A

Thrombus dislodges and travels through the vascular system

64
Q

Infarct

A

Arterial emboli that completely block circulation cause localized tissue death

65
Q

Ischemia

A

Partial blocking of circulation causes localized tissue anemia

66
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

Elevated level of fatty substances in the blood

67
Q

Endarterectomy

A

Occulting material and plaque are removed from the innermost layer of The artery

68
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

Any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium

69
Q

Diaphoresis

A

Profuse sweating

70
Q

Tachycardia

A

Abnormal rapid heart rate

71
Q

Bradycardia

A

Abnormal slow heart rate

72
Q

Stent

A

Hollow, then mesh tube that keeps things open

73
Q

Vegetation

A

Bacteria traveling in the bloodstream (bacteremia) may lodge in the weakened heart tissue and from small masses

74
Q

Endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and it’s valves

75
Q

Prophylactic treatment

A

Patients who are susceptible to endocarditis are given antibiotic treatment to protect against infection before invasive procedures

76
Q

Varicose veins

A

Enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins that develop when valves of veins don’t function properly and fail to prevent backflow of blood

77
Q

Edema

A

Excess fluid seeps from the vein

78
Q

Telangiectases

A

Spider veins

79
Q

Phlebitis

A

Vein inflammation

80
Q

Myxoma

A

Mucous connective tissue

81
Q

Arthralgia

A

Joint pain

82
Q

Angina

A

Mild to severe suffocating pain that typically occurs in the chest and is caused by inadequate blood glow to the myocardium

83
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart

84
Q

Bradycardia

A

Arrhythmia in which the heart beats abnormally slowly, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute

85
Q

Fibrillation

A

Arrhythmia in which there is an abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of he myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles

86
Q

Heart block

A

Arrhythmia in which there is an interference with the normal transmission of electric impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers

87
Q

Tachycardia

A

Arrhythmia in which there is a feat but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats per minute

88
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening and narrowing of an artery along with the loss of its elasticity

89
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the deposit if plaques containing cholesterol and lipids that narrows the lumen in the arteries

90
Q

Carotid artery disease

A

Narrowing of the carotid arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis may eventually lead to thrombus formation and stroke

91
Q

Bruit

A

Soft blowing sound on auscultation, associated valvular action or with the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction or both (murmur)

92
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardia function

93
Q

Coarctation

A

Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta

94
Q

Embolism

A

Condition in which a mass becomes lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow

95
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

Excessive amounts of lipids in the blood

96
Q

Hypertension

A

Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90

97
Q

Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60

98
Q

Infarction

A

Localized tissue necrosis due to the cessation of blood supply

99
Q

Ischemia

A

Local, temporary deficiency of blood supply to an organ or tissue due to circulatory obstruction

100
Q

Mitral valve prolapse

A

Structural defect in which the bicuspid valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood

101
Q

Palpitation

A

Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter

102
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs

103
Q

Syncope

A

Partial or complete loss of consciousness that is usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain (fainting)

104
Q

Thrombosis

A

Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation

105
Q

Deep vein thrombosis

A

Blood clog that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs

106
Q

Defibrillation q

A

Electrical shock delivered randomly during the cardiac cycle to treat emergency life threatening Arrhythmias

107
Q

Cardioversion

A

Defibrillation technique using low energy shocks to treat Arrhythmia and is usually synchronized with the large R waves of the ECG complex to restore normal heart rhythm

108
Q

Sclerotherapy

A

Injection of a chemical irritant into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein

109
Q

Thrombolysis

A

Destruction of a blood clot using anti logging agents called clot busters such as tissue plasminogen activator

110
Q

Angioplasty

A

Any endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and restores forward blood flow

111
Q

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

A

Angioplasty of the coronary arteries in which a balloon catheter is inserted through the skin into the right femoral artery and threaded to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore forward blood flow

112
Q

Biopsy

A

Removal of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes

113
Q

Catheter ablation

A

Special machine delivers energy through the catheter to tiny areas of the heart muscle that cause the abnormal heart rhythm

114
Q

Commissurotomy

A

Surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their points of contact

115
Q

Coronary artery bypass graft

A

Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked part of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscles

116
Q

Embolectomy

A

Removal of the embolus

117
Q

Endarterectomy

A

Removal of fatty plaque from the interior of an occluded vessel using a specifically designed catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device

118
Q

Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator insertion

A

Implantation of a battery powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation by sending electrical impulses to the hear in patients who are at risk of sudden cardiac death

119
Q

Laser ablation

A

Procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins

120
Q

Open heart surgery

A

Surgical procedure performed on or within the exposed heart, usually with the assistance of a heart lung machine

121
Q

Stent placement

A

Placement if a mesh tube inserted into a natural passage or conduit in the body to prevent of counteract a disease induced, localized flow constriction

122
Q

Valvotomy

A

Incision of a valve to increase the side of the opening; used in treating mitral stenosis

123
Q

Cardiac catheterization

A

Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

124
Q

Electrophysiology study

A

Procedure used to determine the cause of life threatening cardiac Arrhythmias by mapping the hearts conduction system in a patent with an arrhythmia

125
Q

Electrocardiography

A

Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs

126
Q

Holter monitor test

A

ECG taken with a small portable recording system capable of storing up to 48 hours of ECG tracings

127
Q

Stress test

A

ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions

128
Q

Cardiac enzyme studies

A

Blood tests that measures the presence and amount of cardiac enzymes in the blood, including troponin t, troponin I, and creatine kinase

129
Q

Lipid panel

A

Series of blood tests used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease

130
Q

Angiography

A

Radio graphic image of the inside of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium

131
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging

A

Noninvasive technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field rather than and X-ray beam to procedure highly detailed, multiplanar, cross sectional views of soft tissues

132
Q

Multiple gated acquisition

A

Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how well the heart walls move as they contract and calculates the ejection fraction rate

133
Q

Nuclear perfusion study

A

Test used in conjunction with a stress test of detect the presence of coronary artery disease that is causing partial obstruction of the coronary arteries

134
Q

Ultrasonography

A

High frequency sound waves are directed at soft tissue and reflected as echoes to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure

135
Q

Doppler

A

Ultrasonography used to asses blood flow through blood vessels and the heart

136
Q

Echocardiography

A

Ultrasonography that is used to visualize internal cardiac structures produce images of the heart and asses cardiac output

137
Q

Venography

A

Radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filing of a vein indicating an obstruction

138
Q

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

A

Lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of an inactive enzyme to a potent vasoconstrictor

139
Q

Antiarrhythmics

A

Prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac Arrhythmias by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart

140
Q

Beta blockers

A

Block the effect of adrenaline which slows nerve pulses through the heart causing a decrease in heart rate

141
Q

Calcium channel blockers

A

Block movement of calcium into myocardial cells and arterial walls causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease

142
Q

Diuretics

A

Act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium

143
Q

Nitrates

A

Dilate blood vessels of the heart causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium and widen blood flow to the heart

144
Q

Statins

A

Lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking enzyme that produces it

145
Q

Vasodilators

A

Reduce blood pressure by relaxing the smooth muscle in blood vessels particularly in the large arteries, arterioles, and large veins which decrease vascular resistance

Medical Terminology (8 decks)

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