Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Venules
Develop from the union of capillaries
Arteries
Carry blood from the heart to all cells of the body
Veins
Return blood to the heart
Autonomic nervous system
Portion of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, and peristalsis
Leaflet
Flat, leaf shaped structure that comprises the valves of the heart and prevents back flow of blood
Lumen
Tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube
Regurgitation
Back flow or ejecting of contents through an opening
Sphincter
Circular muscle found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constricts or dilates to regulate passage of substances through its opening
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of digests, medications, or physiological processes
Vasodilation
widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls
Viscosity
State of being sticky or gummy
Tunica extrema
Outer coat composed of connective tissue that provides strength and flexibility
Tunica media
Middle layer composed of smooth muscle
Tunica intima
Thin, inner lining of the lumen of the vessel, composed of endothelial cells that provide a smooth surface on the inside of the vessel
Arterioles
Smaller arteries
Capillaries
Microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system
Valves
Small structures within veins that prevent the back flow of blood
Pericardium
Sac where heart is found
Endocardium
Serous membrane that lines the four chambers of the heart and it’s valves and is continuous with the endothelium of the arteries and veins
Myocardium
Muscular layer of the heart
Epicardium
Outermost layer of the heart
Atriums
Upper chambers of the heart that collect blood
Ventricles
Lower chambers of the heart that pump blood from the heart
Pulmonary circulation
Pumping blood into the lungs
Systematic circulation
Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation, and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body
Superior vena cava
One of the large veins that collects and carries blood from the upper body
Inferior vena cava
One of the large veins that collects and carries blood from the lower body
Aorta
Largest artery of the body
Aortic semilunar valve
Permits blood to flow In only one direction
Tricuspid valve
Consisting of thee leaflets
Pulmonic valve
Prevents regurgitation of blood into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery
Mitral valve
Structure consisting of two leaflets
Right coronary artery
Artery vascularizing the right side of the heart
Left coronary artery
Artery vascularizing the left side of the heart
Conduction tissue
Specialized cardiac tissue that initiates and spreads contraction impulses
Sinoatrial node
Posses its own intrinsic rhythm, has ability to initiate and propagate each heartbeat thereby setting the basic pace (pacemaker)
Atrioventricular node
Causes atria to contract
Bundle of His
Conduction of fibers that relays the impulse to the purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers
Transmit the impulse to the right and left ventricles causing them to contract
Electrocardiograph
Records impulse transmission through the conduction system generates weak electrical impulses on the surface of the body on graph paper
P wave
Depolarization (contraction) of the atria
QRS complex
Depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles
T wave
Repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles
Blood pressure
Force exerted by blood against the arterial walls during two phases of a heartbeat
Systole
Contraction phase of BP
Diastole
Relaxation phase of BP
Sphygmomanometer
Measures BP and records it Asa two figures separated by a diagonal line
Aneurysm
Widened blood vessel
Angi
Vessel
Vascul
Vessel
Ather
Fatty plaque
Hemangi
Blood vessel
My
Muscle
Phleb
Vein
Scler
Hardening
Sphygm
Pulse
Thromb
Blood clot
Sten
Narrowing, stricture
Vas
Vessel
Angina
Chest pain
Dyspnea
Breathing difficulties
Arrhythmias
Cardiac irregularities
Arteriosclerosis
Progressive degenerative disease of arterial walls that causes them to become thickened and brittle commonly caused by buildup of plaque like substances composed of lipids
Embolus
Thrombus dislodges and travels through the vascular system
Infarct
Arterial emboli that completely block circulation cause localized tissue death
Ischemia
Partial blocking of circulation causes localized tissue anemia
Hyperlipidemia
Elevated level of fatty substances in the blood
Endarterectomy
Occulting material and plaque are removed from the innermost layer of The artery
Coronary artery disease
Any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium
Diaphoresis
Profuse sweating
Tachycardia
Abnormal rapid heart rate
Bradycardia
Abnormal slow heart rate
Stent
Hollow, then mesh tube that keeps things open
Vegetation
Bacteria traveling in the bloodstream (bacteremia) may lodge in the weakened heart tissue and from small masses
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and it’s valves
Prophylactic treatment
Patients who are susceptible to endocarditis are given antibiotic treatment to protect against infection before invasive procedures
Varicose veins
Enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins that develop when valves of veins don’t function properly and fail to prevent backflow of blood
Edema
Excess fluid seeps from the vein
Telangiectases
Spider veins
Phlebitis
Vein inflammation
Myxoma
Mucous connective tissue
Arthralgia
Joint pain
Angina
Mild to severe suffocating pain that typically occurs in the chest and is caused by inadequate blood glow to the myocardium
Arrhythmia
Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart
Bradycardia
Arrhythmia in which the heart beats abnormally slowly, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute
Fibrillation
Arrhythmia in which there is an abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of he myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles
Heart block
Arrhythmia in which there is an interference with the normal transmission of electric impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers
Tachycardia
Arrhythmia in which there is a feat but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats per minute
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening and narrowing of an artery along with the loss of its elasticity
Atherosclerosis
Form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the deposit if plaques containing cholesterol and lipids that narrows the lumen in the arteries
Carotid artery disease
Narrowing of the carotid arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis may eventually lead to thrombus formation and stroke
Bruit
Soft blowing sound on auscultation, associated valvular action or with the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction or both (murmur)
Cardiomyopathy
Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardia function
Coarctation
Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta
Embolism
Condition in which a mass becomes lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow
Hyperlipidemia
Excessive amounts of lipids in the blood
Hypertension
Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90
Hypotension
Low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60
Infarction
Localized tissue necrosis due to the cessation of blood supply
Ischemia
Local, temporary deficiency of blood supply to an organ or tissue due to circulatory obstruction
Mitral valve prolapse
Structural defect in which the bicuspid valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
Palpitation
Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs
Syncope
Partial or complete loss of consciousness that is usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain (fainting)
Thrombosis
Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation
Deep vein thrombosis
Blood clog that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs
Defibrillation q
Electrical shock delivered randomly during the cardiac cycle to treat emergency life threatening Arrhythmias
Cardioversion
Defibrillation technique using low energy shocks to treat Arrhythmia and is usually synchronized with the large R waves of the ECG complex to restore normal heart rhythm
Sclerotherapy
Injection of a chemical irritant into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein
Thrombolysis
Destruction of a blood clot using anti logging agents called clot busters such as tissue plasminogen activator
Angioplasty
Any endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and restores forward blood flow
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Angioplasty of the coronary arteries in which a balloon catheter is inserted through the skin into the right femoral artery and threaded to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore forward blood flow
Biopsy
Removal of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes
Catheter ablation
Special machine delivers energy through the catheter to tiny areas of the heart muscle that cause the abnormal heart rhythm
Commissurotomy
Surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their points of contact
Coronary artery bypass graft
Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked part of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscles
Embolectomy
Removal of the embolus
Endarterectomy
Removal of fatty plaque from the interior of an occluded vessel using a specifically designed catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device
Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator insertion
Implantation of a battery powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation by sending electrical impulses to the hear in patients who are at risk of sudden cardiac death
Laser ablation
Procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins
Open heart surgery
Surgical procedure performed on or within the exposed heart, usually with the assistance of a heart lung machine
Stent placement
Placement if a mesh tube inserted into a natural passage or conduit in the body to prevent of counteract a disease induced, localized flow constriction
Valvotomy
Incision of a valve to increase the side of the opening; used in treating mitral stenosis
Cardiac catheterization
Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart
Electrophysiology study
Procedure used to determine the cause of life threatening cardiac Arrhythmias by mapping the hearts conduction system in a patent with an arrhythmia
Electrocardiography
Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs
Holter monitor test
ECG taken with a small portable recording system capable of storing up to 48 hours of ECG tracings
Stress test
ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions
Cardiac enzyme studies
Blood tests that measures the presence and amount of cardiac enzymes in the blood, including troponin t, troponin I, and creatine kinase
Lipid panel
Series of blood tests used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease
Angiography
Radio graphic image of the inside of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium
Magnetic resonance imaging
Noninvasive technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field rather than and X-ray beam to procedure highly detailed, multiplanar, cross sectional views of soft tissues
Multiple gated acquisition
Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how well the heart walls move as they contract and calculates the ejection fraction rate
Nuclear perfusion study
Test used in conjunction with a stress test of detect the presence of coronary artery disease that is causing partial obstruction of the coronary arteries
Ultrasonography
High frequency sound waves are directed at soft tissue and reflected as echoes to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure
Doppler
Ultrasonography used to asses blood flow through blood vessels and the heart
Echocardiography
Ultrasonography that is used to visualize internal cardiac structures produce images of the heart and asses cardiac output
Venography
Radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filing of a vein indicating an obstruction
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
Lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of an inactive enzyme to a potent vasoconstrictor
Antiarrhythmics
Prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac Arrhythmias by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart
Beta blockers
Block the effect of adrenaline which slows nerve pulses through the heart causing a decrease in heart rate
Calcium channel blockers
Block movement of calcium into myocardial cells and arterial walls causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease
Diuretics
Act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium
Nitrates
Dilate blood vessels of the heart causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium and widen blood flow to the heart
Statins
Lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking enzyme that produces it
Vasodilators
Reduce blood pressure by relaxing the smooth muscle in blood vessels particularly in the large arteries, arterioles, and large veins which decrease vascular resistance
