Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards
Integumentary system
Skin and its accessories (hair, nails, glands) make up the system
Integument
Largest organ of the body
Androgen
Generic term for an agent that stimulates development of male characteristics
Ductule
Very small duct
Homeostasis
State in which the regulatory mechanisms of the body maintain an internal environment within tolerable levels, despite changes in the external environments
Synthesize
Forming a complex substance by the union of simpler compounds or elements
What does skin synthesize
Vitamin d
Epidermis
Outer layer is relatively thin but thickest on palms and soles
What are the the sub layers of the epidermis?
Strata, stratum corneum, and basal layer
Keratin
Hard protein material and prevents body fluids from evaporating and moisture from entering the body
Melanocytes
Cells produce a black pigment called melanin
Melanin
Black pigment that provides a protective barrier from the damaging effects of the suns uv radiation
Albino
Individual who can’t produce melanin
Dermis / corium
Second layer of skin underneath the epidermis composed of living tissue and contains numerous capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and nerve endings
Sebaceous
Oil glands
Sudoriferous
Sweat glands
Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
Binds dermis to underlying structures and is composed of loose connective tissue and adipose (fat) tissue interlaced with blood vessels
Exocrine glands
Secrete substances through ducts to an outer surface of the body rather directly into the bloodstream
Axillae
Armpits
Sebum
Oily secretion that is acidic enough to destroy harmful organisms on the skin
Hair shaft
Visible part of the hair
Hair root
Part of the hair that is embedded in the dermis
Hair follicle
The hair root and it’s coverings
Papilla
Bottom of the follicle is a loop of capillaries enclosed in a covering
Nail root
Where the nail is formed and is composed of keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelial cells producing a very tough covering
Nails bed
Nail is attached and slides forward over the layer of epithelium
Nail body
Pink because of underlying vascular tissue
Lunula
Half moon shaped area at the base of the nail is the region where new growth occurs
Steat
Fat
Hidr
Sweat
Sudor
Sweat
Ichthy
Dry, scaly
Kerat
Hard tissue
Myc
Fungus
Onych
Nail
Ungu
Nail
Pil
Hair
Trich
Hair
Squam
Scale
Xen
Foreign
Xer
Dry
Dermatology
Medical speciality concerned with diseases that directly affect the skin and systematic diseases that manifest their effects on the skin
Lesions
Areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection
Primary skin lesions
Initial reaction to pathologically altered tissue and may be flat or elevated
Secondary skin lesions
Changed that take place in the primary lesions die to infection, scratching, trauma, or various stages of disease
First degree (superficial) burns
Least serious type of burn because they injure only the top layers of skin, epidermis
Thermal burn
Burn caused by brief contact with dry or moist heat
Chemical burn
Burn caused by exposure to chemicals
Sunburn
Burn caused by spending too much time in the sun
Erythema
Skin redness
Hyperesthesia
Acute sensitivity to sensory stimuli as touch, heat, or cold
Second degree (partial thickness) burns
Deep burns that damage the epidermis and part of the dermis
Vesicles/bullae
Fluid filled blisters
Third degree (full thickness) burns
Epidermis and dermis are destroyed and some of the underlying connective tissue is damaged leaving the skin waxy and charred with insensitivity to touch
Dermatoplasty
Skin grafting
Neoplasms
Abnormal growths of new tissue that are classified as benign or malignant
Benign neoplasms
Noncancerous growths composed of the same type of cells as the tissue in which they are growing
Malignant neoplasms (cancer)
Composed of cells that tend to become invasive and spread to remote regions of the body
Immunotherapy/ biotherapy
New treatment that stimulates the body’s own immune defenses to fight tumor cells
Rule of nines
Formula for rest imaging the percentage of adult body surface area affected by burns
Metastasis
Spread to remote regions of the body
Combined modality treatment
Example: radiation and biotherapy
Grading
Cells from the tumor site are evaluated to determine the degree of loss of cellular differentiation and function
Grade 1
Tumor cells well differentiated
Grade 2
Tumor cells moderately or poorly differentiated
Grade 3
Tumor cells poorly differentiated
Grade 4
Tumor cells very poorly differentiated
Tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) system
System that allows comparison of stats among cancer centers
T
Size and invasiveness of primary tumor
N
Area lymph nodes involved
M
Invasiveness of the primary tumor
Basal cell carcinoma
Most common type of skin cancer and is a malignancy of the basal layer of the epidermis or hair follicles
Squamous cell carcinoma
Invasive tumor with potential for metastasis and occurs most commonly in fair skinned old white men
Malignant melanoma
Malignant growth of melanocytes
Abscess
Localized collection of pus at the site of an infection
Two types of squamous cell carcinoma
In situ and invasive
Acne
Inflammatory disease of sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin with characteristic lesion that includes blackheads, inflammatory papules, nodules, and cysts and usually associated with seborrhea
Alopecia
Partial or complete loss of hair resulting from normal aging, an endocrine disorder, drug reaction, anticancer medication, or a skin disease
Bowen disease
Form of intraepidermal carcinoma characterized by red brown scaly or crusted lesions that resemble a patch of psoriasis or dermatitis
Cellulitis
Diffuse, acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
Chloasma
Pigmentary skin discoloration usually occurring in yellowish brown patches or spots
Comedo
Typical small skin lesion of acne vulgaris caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin
Dermatomycosis
Infection of the skin caused by fungi
Ecchymosis
Skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from blue black to greenish brown or yellow
Eczema
Chronic inflammatory skin condition that is characterized by erythema papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, crusts, and scabs and accompanied by intense itching
Erythema
Redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries
Eschar
Dead matter that is sloughed off from the surface of the skin, especially after a burn
Impetigo
Bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture
Keratosis
Thickened area of epidermis or any horny growth on the skin (callus or wart)
Lentigo
Small brown macules, especially on the face and arms, brought on by sun exposure, usually in a middle aged or older person
Pallor
Unnatural paleness or absence of color in the skin
Pediculosis
Infestation with lice, transmitted by personal contact or common use of brushes, combs, or headgear
Petechia
Minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin
Pressure ulcer
Inflammation, sore, or skin deterioration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in one position that prevents blood flow to the tissues, usually in elderly bedridden persons
Pruritus
Intense itching
Psoriasis
Chronic skin disease characterized by circumscribed red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery, adherent scales and caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis
Purpura
Any of several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues, particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses or petechiae
Scabies
Contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact
Tinea
Fungal skin infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected
Urticaria
Allergic reaction of the skin characterized by the eruption of pale red, elevated patches called wheals or hives
Verruca
Epidermal growth caused by a virus
Vitiligo
Localized loss of skin pigments characterized by milk white patches
Chemical peel
Chemical removal of the outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring and general keratosis
Cryosurgery
Use of subfreezing temperature to destroy or eliminate abnormal tissue, such as tumors, warts, and unwanted, cancerous, or infected tissue
Debridement
Removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents
Dermabrasion
Rubbing using wire brushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away the epidermis
Fulguration
Tissue destruction by means of high frequency electric current
Photodynamic therapy
Procedure in which cells selectively treated with an agent called photosensitizer are exposed to light to produce a reaction that destroys the cells
Biopsy
Representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination
Frozen section
Ultrathin slice of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination
Needle
Removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe
Punch
Removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow punch
Shave
Removal of elevated lesions using a surgical blade
Mohs
Layers of cancer containing skin are progressively removed and examined until only cancer free tissue remains
Skin graft
Transplantation of healthy tissue to an injured site
Allograft
Transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person
Autograft
Transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual
Synthetic
Transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fibers arranged in a lattice pattern
Xenograft
Transplantation from a foreign donor and transferred to a human
Allergy skin test
Any test in which a suspected allergen or sensitized is applied to or injected into the skin to d’être in the patients sensitivity to it
Intradermal
Skin test that identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneously injecting small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergens and observing the skin for a subsequent reaction
Patch
Skin test that identifies allergic contact dermatitis by applying a suspected allergen to a patch which is then taped on the skin, usually the forearm, and observing the area 24 hours later for an allergic response
Scratch
Skin test that identifies suspected allergens by placing a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin
Culture and sensitivity
Lab test that grows a colony of bacteria removed from an infected area in order to identify the specific infecting bacterium and then determine its sensitivity to antibiotic drugs
Antifungals
Alter the cell wall of fungi or disrupt enzyme activity, resulting in cell death
Antihistamines
Inhibit allergic reactions of inflammation, redness, and itching caused by the release of histamine
Antiparasitics
Kills insect parasites, such as mite and lice
Antiseptics
Topically applied agents that inhibit growth of bacteria, this preventing infections in cuts, scratches, and surgical incisions
Corticosteroids
Decrease inflammation and itching by suppressing the immune systems inflammatory response to tissue damage
Keratolytics
Destroy and soften the outer layer of skin so that it is sloughed off or shed
Protectives
Cover, cool, dry, or soothe inflamed skin
Topical anesthetics
Block sensation of pain by numbing the skin layers and mucous membranes
