Chapter 6: Digestive System Flashcards
GI tract (alimentary canal)
Digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus and varies in size
Gastrointestinal
Aka the digestive system consists of a digestive tube, and several accessory organs whose primary function is to break down food, prepare it for absorption, and eliminate waste
Bilirubin
Orange yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by the liver cells to form ______ and eventually excreted in the feces
Bolus
Mass of masticated food ready to be swallowed
Exocrine
Gland that secretes products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel
Sphincter
Circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or close a natural opening of the body
Triglycerides
Organic compound, a true fat, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids
Oral cavity
Aka mouth, is a receptacle for food
Bucca
Cheeks
Teeth
Play an important role in initial stages of digestion by mechanically breaking down food into smaller pieces as they mix it with saliva
Mastication
Breaking down food
Dentin
Main structure of the tooth
Pulp
Innermost part of the tooth which contains nerves and blood vessels
Gums (gingiva)
Pink, fleshy tissue that teeth are embedded in
Tongue
Assists in the chewing process by manipulating the bolus of food during chewing and moving it to the back of the mouth for swallowing
Papillae
Rough projections on the surface of the tongue
Hard palate
Part of the roof of the mouth (anterior portion)
Soft palate
Part of the roof of the mouth (posterior portion)
Pharynx
Aka throat that serves as a passageway to the respiratory and GI tracts and provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
Uvula
Soft, fleshy, v shaped structure
Deglutition
Aka swallowing
Trachea
Portion of the pharynx tube that leads to the lungs
Esophagus
Portion of the pharynx that leads to the stomach
Epiglottis
Small flap of cartilage folds back to cover the trachea during swallowing, forcing food to enter the esophagus
Stomach
Saclike structure located in the left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, serves as a food reservoir that continues mechanical and chemical digestion
Duodenum
First part of the small intestine
Lower esophageal (cardiac)
Terminal portion of the esophagus is composed of muscle fibers that constrict once food has passed into the stomach
Body of the stomach
Large central region of the stomach that is mainly used as storage
Fundus
Upper portion of the stomach used mainly as storage
Pylorus
In a funnel shaped terminal portion Where most digestion takes places
Rugae
Numerous macroscopic longitudinal folds
Chyme
Secretions from glands coupled with mechanical churning of the stomach turn the bolus into a semiliquid form
Peristalsis
Food is propelled through the entire GI tract by coordinated, rhythmic muscle contractions
Villi
Microscopic finger like projections
Ileocecal valve
Sphincter muscle that allows undigested or unabsorbed material from the small intestine to pass into the large intestine and eventually be executed from the body
Cecum
First 2 or 3 inches of the large intestine
Appendix
Wormlike structure thats function is unknown but provides an ideal location for enteric bacteria to accumulate and multiply
Liver
Largest glandular organ in then body located beneath the diaphragm and conducts many important functions. If it dies then you die
Pancreas
Elongated, somewhat flattened organ that lies posterior and slightly inferior to the stomach and performs endocrine and exocrine functions
Gallbladder
Saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver, serves as a storage area for bile, which is produced by the liver
Large intestine
Five feet long and begins at the end of the ileum and extends to the anus and no digestion takes place
Produce bile, remove glucose, store vitamins, destroy toxic products, maintain glucose levels, destroy old erythrocytes and release bilirubin, synthesis proteins
Functions of the liver
Secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream to maintain normal blood glucose levels
Pancreas as an endocrine gland
Produces digestive enzymes that pass into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct
Pancreas as exocrine gland
Gloss
Tongue
Lingu
Tongue
Bucc
Cheek
Cheil
Lip
Labi
Lip
Sial
Saliva
Vitamin k
Digestive system absorbs this for blood clotting
Proct
Anus
Cholangi
Bile vessel
Choledoch
Bile duct
Chol
Bile
Cholecyst
Gallbladder
-emesis
Vomit
-orexia
Appetite
-pepsia
Digestion
-prandial
Meal
Gastroenterology
Branch of medicine concerned with digestive diseases
Ulcer
Circumscribed open sore on the skin or mucous membranes of the body
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
Erosion of the protective mucous membrane caused by infection with h. Pylori. It exposes tissue beneath the strong acids and digestive enzymes of the stomach then an ulcer forms
Ulcerative colitis
Chronic inflammatory disease of the colon commonly begins in the rectum or sigmoid colon and extends upward into the entire colon
Hernia
Protrusion of any organ, tissue, or structure through the wall of the cavity in which it is naturally contained
Viscera
Protrusions of abdominal organs
Inguinal hernia
Develops in the groin where the abdominal folds of flesh meet the thighs
Strangulated hernia
Blood supply to the hernia is cut off because of pressure
Umbilical hernia
Protrusion of part of the intestine at the navel
Diaphragmatic hernia
Hernia developed in the diaphragm a congenital disorder
Hiatal hernia
Hernia developed in the diaphragm in the lower part of the esophagus and top of the stomach slides through an opening in the diaphragm into the thorax
Mechanical obstruction
Occurs when intestinal contents are prevented from moving forward due to an obstacle or barrier that blocks the lumen
Non mechanical obstruction
Occurs when peristalsis is impaired and the intestinal contents cannot be propelled through the bowel
Adhesions
Scar tissue
Volvolus
Intestinal twisting
Intussusceptions
Internal telescoping where part of the intestine slips into another part just beneath it
Hemorrhoids
Enlarged veins in the mucous membrane of the anal canal
Hepatitis
Inflammatory condition of the liver
Infectious hepatitis
Three most common forms are hepatitis a (contaminated food/water)
Serum hepatitis
Hepatitis b (transmitted by routes other than mouth)
Bilirubin
Yellow compound formed when erythrocytes are destroyed
Diverticulosis
Condition in which small, blister like pockets develop in the inner lining of the large intestine and May balloon through the intestinal wall
Obstipation
Extreme constipation
Colorectal cancer
One of the most common type of intestinal cancer and it originates in the epithelial lining of the colon or rectum and can occur anywhere in the large intestine
Anorexia
Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection
Ascites
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, most commonly as a result of chronic liver disease
Borborygmus
Rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine
Cachexia
Physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass and is commonly associated with Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cancer
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Aids
Cholelithiasis
Prescience or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct
Cirrhosis
Scarring and dysfunction of the liver cause by chronic liver disease
Colic
Spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ, especially in the colon, accompanied by pain
Crohn disease
Form of inflammatory bowel disease, usually of the ileum but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract
Dysentery
Inflammation of the intestine, especially in the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, Protozoa, or parasites and results in bloody diarrhea
Dysphagia
Inability or difficulty in swallowing
Eructation
Producing gas from the stomach, usually with characteristic sound aka belching
Fecalith
Fecal concretion
Flatus
Gas in the GI tract expelling of air from a body orifice
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus
Halitosis
Foul smelling breath
Hematemesis
Vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function for which no organic cause can be determined
Malabsorption syndrome
Symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph
Melena
Passage of dark colored, tarry stools, due to the presence of blood altered by intestinal juices
Obesity
Excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards, usually of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight
Morbid obesity
Body mass index of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 pounds or more over ideal body weight
Obstipation
Severe constipation, which may be caused by an intestinal obstruction
Oral leukoplakia
Formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek caused primarily by irritation
Peristalsis
Progressive, wavelike movement that occurs involuntarily in hollow tubes of the body
Pyloric stenosis
Stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine
Regurgitation
Backward flowing, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach
Steatorrhea
Passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it
Nasogastric intubation
Insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastric distention by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions
Anastomosis
Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
Ileorectal
Surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy
Intestinal
Surgical connection of two portions of the intestines
Bariatric surgery
Group of procedures that treat morbid obesity
Vertical banded gastroplasty
Bariatric surgery that involves vertical stapling of the upper stomach near the esophagus to reduce it to a small pouch and insertion of a band that restricts food consumption and delays it’s passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness
Roux-en-y gastric bypass
Bariatric surgery that involves stapling the stomach to decrease its size and then shortening the jejunum and connecting it to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of hyena stomach to from a y configuration, which decreases the pathway of food though the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fat
Colostomy
Creation of an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fetal flow to a colostomy bag
Lithotripsy
Procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
Use if shock waves as a noninvasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts
Polypectomy
Excision of a polyp
Pyloromycotomy
Incision of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the Pylorus, which is used to treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Gastrointestinal endoscopy
Visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using a flexible fiber optic instrument with a magnifying lens and a light source to identify abnormalities
Hepatitis panel
Panel of blood tests that identifies the specific virus that is causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens
Liver function tests
Group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and contains commonly associated with the biliary tract
Serum bilirubin
Measurement of the level if bilirubin in the blood
Stool culture
Test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces that are causing a gastrointestinal infection
Stool guaiac
Tests that applies a substance to a stool sample to detect the prescience of occult blood in the feces
Computed tomography
Imaging technique achieved by rotating an X-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
Lower gastrointestinal series
Radio graphic images of the rectum and colon following administration of barium into the rectum
Oral cholecystography
Radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
Magnetic resonance imaging is used to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts and gallbladder in a noninvasive manner
Sialography
Radiologic examination of the salivary glands and ducts
Ultrasonography
High frequency sound waves are directed at soft tissue and reflected echoes to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure
Upper gastrointestinal series
Radio graphic images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestines flowing oral administration of barium
Antacids
Counteract acidity usually in the stomach
