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Medical Terminology > Chapter 6: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

GI tract (alimentary canal)

A

Digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus and varies in size

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1
Q

Gastrointestinal

A

Aka the digestive system consists of a digestive tube, and several accessory organs whose primary function is to break down food, prepare it for absorption, and eliminate waste

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2
Q

Bilirubin

A

Orange yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by the liver cells to form ______ and eventually excreted in the feces

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3
Q

Bolus

A

Mass of masticated food ready to be swallowed

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4
Q

Exocrine

A

Gland that secretes products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel

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5
Q

Sphincter

A

Circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or close a natural opening of the body

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6
Q

Triglycerides

A

Organic compound, a true fat, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids

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7
Q

Oral cavity

A

Aka mouth, is a receptacle for food

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8
Q

Bucca

A

Cheeks

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9
Q

Teeth

A

Play an important role in initial stages of digestion by mechanically breaking down food into smaller pieces as they mix it with saliva

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10
Q

Mastication

A

Breaking down food

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11
Q

Dentin

A

Main structure of the tooth

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12
Q

Pulp

A

Innermost part of the tooth which contains nerves and blood vessels

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13
Q

Gums (gingiva)

A

Pink, fleshy tissue that teeth are embedded in

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14
Q

Tongue

A

Assists in the chewing process by manipulating the bolus of food during chewing and moving it to the back of the mouth for swallowing

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15
Q

Papillae

A

Rough projections on the surface of the tongue

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16
Q

Hard palate

A

Part of the roof of the mouth (anterior portion)

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17
Q

Soft palate

A

Part of the roof of the mouth (posterior portion)

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18
Q

Pharynx

A

Aka throat that serves as a passageway to the respiratory and GI tracts and provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds

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19
Q

Uvula

A

Soft, fleshy, v shaped structure

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20
Q

Deglutition

A

Aka swallowing

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21
Q

Trachea

A

Portion of the pharynx tube that leads to the lungs

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22
Q

Esophagus

A

Portion of the pharynx that leads to the stomach

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23
Q

Epiglottis

A

Small flap of cartilage folds back to cover the trachea during swallowing, forcing food to enter the esophagus

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24
Q

Stomach

A

Saclike structure located in the left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, serves as a food reservoir that continues mechanical and chemical digestion

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25
Q

Duodenum

A

First part of the small intestine

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26
Q

Lower esophageal (cardiac)

A

Terminal portion of the esophagus is composed of muscle fibers that constrict once food has passed into the stomach

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27
Q

Body of the stomach

A

Large central region of the stomach that is mainly used as storage

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28
Q

Fundus

A

Upper portion of the stomach used mainly as storage

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29
Q

Pylorus

A

In a funnel shaped terminal portion Where most digestion takes places

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30
Q

Rugae

A

Numerous macroscopic longitudinal folds

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31
Q

Chyme

A

Secretions from glands coupled with mechanical churning of the stomach turn the bolus into a semiliquid form

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32
Q

Peristalsis

A

Food is propelled through the entire GI tract by coordinated, rhythmic muscle contractions

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33
Q

Villi

A

Microscopic finger like projections

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34
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

Sphincter muscle that allows undigested or unabsorbed material from the small intestine to pass into the large intestine and eventually be executed from the body

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35
Q

Cecum

A

First 2 or 3 inches of the large intestine

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36
Q

Appendix

A

Wormlike structure thats function is unknown but provides an ideal location for enteric bacteria to accumulate and multiply

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37
Q

Liver

A

Largest glandular organ in then body located beneath the diaphragm and conducts many important functions. If it dies then you die

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38
Q

Pancreas

A

Elongated, somewhat flattened organ that lies posterior and slightly inferior to the stomach and performs endocrine and exocrine functions

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39
Q

Gallbladder

A

Saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver, serves as a storage area for bile, which is produced by the liver

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40
Q

Large intestine

A

Five feet long and begins at the end of the ileum and extends to the anus and no digestion takes place

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41
Q

Produce bile, remove glucose, store vitamins, destroy toxic products, maintain glucose levels, destroy old erythrocytes and release bilirubin, synthesis proteins

A

Functions of the liver

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42
Q

Secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream to maintain normal blood glucose levels

A

Pancreas as an endocrine gland

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43
Q

Produces digestive enzymes that pass into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct

A

Pancreas as exocrine gland

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44
Q

Gloss

A

Tongue

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45
Q

Lingu

A

Tongue

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46
Q

Bucc

A

Cheek

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47
Q

Cheil

A

Lip

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48
Q

Labi

A

Lip

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49
Q

Sial

A

Saliva

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50
Q

Vitamin k

A

Digestive system absorbs this for blood clotting

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51
Q

Proct

A

Anus

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52
Q

Cholangi

A

Bile vessel

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53
Q

Choledoch

A

Bile duct

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54
Q

Chol

A

Bile

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55
Q

Cholecyst

A

Gallbladder

56
Q

-emesis

A

Vomit

57
Q

-orexia

A

Appetite

58
Q

-pepsia

A

Digestion

59
Q

-prandial

A

Meal

60
Q

Gastroenterology

A

Branch of medicine concerned with digestive diseases

61
Q

Ulcer

A

Circumscribed open sore on the skin or mucous membranes of the body

62
Q

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

A

Erosion of the protective mucous membrane caused by infection with h. Pylori. It exposes tissue beneath the strong acids and digestive enzymes of the stomach then an ulcer forms

63
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

Chronic inflammatory disease of the colon commonly begins in the rectum or sigmoid colon and extends upward into the entire colon

64
Q

Hernia

A

Protrusion of any organ, tissue, or structure through the wall of the cavity in which it is naturally contained

65
Q

Viscera

A

Protrusions of abdominal organs

66
Q

Inguinal hernia

A

Develops in the groin where the abdominal folds of flesh meet the thighs

67
Q

Strangulated hernia

A

Blood supply to the hernia is cut off because of pressure

68
Q

Umbilical hernia

A

Protrusion of part of the intestine at the navel

69
Q

Diaphragmatic hernia

A

Hernia developed in the diaphragm a congenital disorder

70
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Hernia developed in the diaphragm in the lower part of the esophagus and top of the stomach slides through an opening in the diaphragm into the thorax

71
Q

Mechanical obstruction

A

Occurs when intestinal contents are prevented from moving forward due to an obstacle or barrier that blocks the lumen

72
Q

Non mechanical obstruction

A

Occurs when peristalsis is impaired and the intestinal contents cannot be propelled through the bowel

73
Q

Adhesions

A

Scar tissue

74
Q

Volvolus

A

Intestinal twisting

75
Q

Intussusceptions

A

Internal telescoping where part of the intestine slips into another part just beneath it

76
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Enlarged veins in the mucous membrane of the anal canal

77
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammatory condition of the liver

78
Q

Infectious hepatitis

A

Three most common forms are hepatitis a (contaminated food/water)

79
Q

Serum hepatitis

A

Hepatitis b (transmitted by routes other than mouth)

80
Q

Bilirubin

A

Yellow compound formed when erythrocytes are destroyed

81
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Condition in which small, blister like pockets develop in the inner lining of the large intestine and May balloon through the intestinal wall

82
Q

Obstipation

A

Extreme constipation

83
Q

Colorectal cancer

A

One of the most common type of intestinal cancer and it originates in the epithelial lining of the colon or rectum and can occur anywhere in the large intestine

84
Q

Anorexia

A

Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat

85
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection

86
Q

Ascites

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, most commonly as a result of chronic liver disease

87
Q

Borborygmus

A

Rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine

88
Q

Cachexia

A

Physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass and is commonly associated with Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cancer

89
Q

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

A

Aids

90
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Prescience or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct

91
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Scarring and dysfunction of the liver cause by chronic liver disease

92
Q

Colic

A

Spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ, especially in the colon, accompanied by pain

93
Q

Crohn disease

A

Form of inflammatory bowel disease, usually of the ileum but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract

94
Q

Dysentery

A

Inflammation of the intestine, especially in the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, Protozoa, or parasites and results in bloody diarrhea

95
Q

Dysphagia

A

Inability or difficulty in swallowing

96
Q

Eructation

A

Producing gas from the stomach, usually with characteristic sound aka belching

97
Q

Fecalith

A

Fecal concretion

98
Q

Flatus

A

Gas in the GI tract expelling of air from a body orifice

99
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

Back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus

100
Q

Halitosis

A

Foul smelling breath

101
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus

102
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

Symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function for which no organic cause can be determined

103
Q

Malabsorption syndrome

A

Symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph

104
Q

Melena

A

Passage of dark colored, tarry stools, due to the presence of blood altered by intestinal juices

105
Q

Obesity

A

Excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards, usually of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight

106
Q

Morbid obesity

A

Body mass index of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 pounds or more over ideal body weight

107
Q

Obstipation

A

Severe constipation, which may be caused by an intestinal obstruction

108
Q

Oral leukoplakia

A

Formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek caused primarily by irritation

109
Q

Peristalsis

A

Progressive, wavelike movement that occurs involuntarily in hollow tubes of the body

110
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A

Stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine

111
Q

Regurgitation

A

Backward flowing, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach

112
Q

Steatorrhea

A

Passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it

113
Q

Nasogastric intubation

A

Insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastric distention by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions

114
Q

Anastomosis

A

Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another

115
Q

Ileorectal

A

Surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy

116
Q

Intestinal

A

Surgical connection of two portions of the intestines

117
Q

Bariatric surgery

A

Group of procedures that treat morbid obesity

118
Q

Vertical banded gastroplasty

A

Bariatric surgery that involves vertical stapling of the upper stomach near the esophagus to reduce it to a small pouch and insertion of a band that restricts food consumption and delays it’s passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness

119
Q

Roux-en-y gastric bypass

A

Bariatric surgery that involves stapling the stomach to decrease its size and then shortening the jejunum and connecting it to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of hyena stomach to from a y configuration, which decreases the pathway of food though the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fat

120
Q

Colostomy

A

Creation of an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fetal flow to a colostomy bag

121
Q

Lithotripsy

A

Procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves

122
Q

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

A

Use if shock waves as a noninvasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts

123
Q

Polypectomy

A

Excision of a polyp

124
Q

Pyloromycotomy

A

Incision of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the Pylorus, which is used to treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

125
Q

Gastrointestinal endoscopy

A

Visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using a flexible fiber optic instrument with a magnifying lens and a light source to identify abnormalities

126
Q

Hepatitis panel

A

Panel of blood tests that identifies the specific virus that is causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens

127
Q

Liver function tests

A

Group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and contains commonly associated with the biliary tract

128
Q

Serum bilirubin

A

Measurement of the level if bilirubin in the blood

129
Q

Stool culture

A

Test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces that are causing a gastrointestinal infection

130
Q

Stool guaiac

A

Tests that applies a substance to a stool sample to detect the prescience of occult blood in the feces

131
Q

Computed tomography

A

Imaging technique achieved by rotating an X-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles

132
Q

Lower gastrointestinal series

A

Radio graphic images of the rectum and colon following administration of barium into the rectum

133
Q

Oral cholecystography

A

Radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine

134
Q

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography

A

Magnetic resonance imaging is used to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts and gallbladder in a noninvasive manner

135
Q

Sialography

A

Radiologic examination of the salivary glands and ducts

136
Q

Ultrasonography

A

High frequency sound waves are directed at soft tissue and reflected echoes to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure

137
Q

Upper gastrointestinal series

A

Radio graphic images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestines flowing oral administration of barium

138
Q

Antacids

A

Counteract acidity usually in the stomach

Medical Terminology (8 decks)

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