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Kinesiology > Chapter 8 (Basic Biomechanics) > Flashcards

Chapter 8 (Basic Biomechanics) Flashcards

1
Q

What does biomechanics involve?

A

Taking the principles and methods of machines and applying them to structure/function of the human body

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2
Q

Factors associated with non-moving systems

A

Statics

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3
Q

Factors associated with moving systems

Can be divided into kinetics, kinematics

A

Dynamics

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4
Q

Deals with forces causing movement in a system

A

Kinetics

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5
Q

What does kinematics deal with ?

A

Deals with forces involved in time, space, and mass aspects of moving system.
(Osteokinematics + arthrokinematics)

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6
Q

What is osteokinematics?

A

Deals with the manner in which bones move in space.

Without regard to the movement of joint surfaces

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7
Q

What is arthrokinematics?

A

Deals with the manner in which adjoining joint surfaces move in relation to each other
(In the same or opposite direction)

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8
Q

What is force?

A

Any action or influence that moves an object

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9
Q

The amount of matter that the body contains

A

Mass

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10
Q

The property of matter that causes it to resist any change of its motion in either speed or direction
(Mass is a measure of inertia)

A

Inertia

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11
Q

What is torque?

A

the tendency of force to produce rotation about an axis

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12
Q

Force developed by 2 surfaces

- Tends to prevent motion of one surface across another

A

Friction

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13
Q

What are the 3 laws of motion?

A
  1. Law of Inertia
  2. Law of Acceleration
  3. Law of Action-reaction
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14
Q

Which law is this:

An object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends to stay in motion

A

Law of Inertia

Ex. Arm will not bend without the force of the muscle

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15
Q

Describe the law of Acceleration

A
  1. the amount of acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied on an object
    Ex. Kick 2 balls same size; the harder kick will go further
  2. Acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of an object
    Ex. Kick 2 balls w/ same amount of force; ball w/greater mass will not travel as far
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16
Q

Describe the law of Action-Reaction

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Ex. As you jump down on a trampoline, the trampoline pushes back with the same amount of force

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17
Q

What is needed to create force?

A

One object must act on another

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18
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of force?

A
  1. Magnitude
  2. Direction
  3. Point of application
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19
Q

When two or more forces are acting along the same line or plane.

A

Linear force
Ex. *pulling a boat
*Pushing a bed on same side
*2 people on opposite sides of a bed, pushing w/same force = no motion

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20
Q

Occur in the same plane and direction with a counter force in the middle but in the opposite direction

A

Parallel forces

Ex. seesaw

21
Q

Describe a resultant force

A

Net effect of 2 divergent forces

Lies somewhere in-between

22
Q

Occurs when two or more forces act in different directions, resulting in a turning effect

A

Force couple

23
Q

What is an ex. of force couple?

A

Unscrewing a jar lid
Force A= fingers
Force B= thumb

24
Q

What is torque ?

A

Moment of force; ability of force to produce rotation about an axis

25
Q

Amount of torque lever depends on what?

A
  1. Amount of force exerted

2. Distance from the axis

26
Q

What is an ex. of a torque lever?

A

Wrench- to increase torque

- Increase force applied to handle 
- Increase length of the handle
27
Q

T/F

Torque is greatest when the angle of pull is 90 degrees

A

True

28
Q

T/F

The longer the moment arm the more force you can generate

A

True

29
Q

The perpendicular distance between the muscle’s line of pull and the center of the joint is the ____?

A

Moment arm

30
Q

What are examples of torque in the bicep?

A

A. Elbow 90° - greatest torque
B. Elbow extended - little torque
C. Elbow flexed - less torque
when flexed or extended the moment arm shrinks. so less force

31
Q

Torque with and without a patella

A
  • With; it increases the angular force of the quadriceps muscle and allows the muscle to have a greater angular force
  • Without; the movement arm is shorter and there is not as much force
32
Q

When an object is balance, all forces acting on it are even

A

State of equilibrium

33
Q

Mutual attraction between the earth and object

A

Gravity

34
Q

What is the center of gravity (COG)?

A

Balance point of an object at which weight on all sides is equal
-Point at which the planes of the body intersect

35
Q

What is base of support?

A

-That part of a body that is in contact with the supporting surface
-the surface of the body in contact with the ground
Ex. feet together = less stable
feet apart = more stable

36
Q

What are simple machines?

A
  1. Lever
  2. Pulley
  3. Wheel and axle
  4. Inclined plane
37
Q

What are some common lever terms ?

A

lever, axis, force, resistance, force arm, Resistance arm

38
Q

What is a lever?

A

rigid bar that can rotate about a fixed point when force is applied to overcome resistance

39
Q

Point about which a lever rotates

A

Axis

40
Q

Causes a lever to move, muscle

A

Force

41
Q

What is a the resistance, force arm, and resistance arm? (lever terms)

A

Resistance= weight of part being moved
Force arm= distance between the force and the axis
Resistance arm= distance between the resistance and the axis

42
Q
  • Which takes less energy?

- Holding a box 2” from your body or 10” from your body?

A

Holding a box 2” from body

43
Q

Summarize mechanical advantage

A

-Less force is required if you put the resistance as close to the axis as possible and apply the force as far from the axis as possible

44
Q

What is a pulley and its purpose?

A

-it is a grooved wheel that turns on an axle with a rope or cable riding in the groove
-the purpose is to change the direction of
a force OR the magnitude
of the force

45
Q

What is a wheel and axle?

A
  • Less common type of simple machine. [Lever in disguise]
  • Consists of a wheel (or crank) attached to and turning together with an axle
  • Used to increase force exerted
  • Turning a large wheel requires less force than a small axle
46
Q

What is an example of a wheel and axle?

A

-faucet handle
Handle = wheel
Stem = axle
-Turning on/off requires a certain amount of force. If the handle is removed, turning the axle requires greater strength. The larger the wheel the easier to turn.

47
Q

Clinical application of the wheel and axle/shoulder

A

-Passive shoulder rotation
-Looking down from a superior view
Shoulder joint = axle
Forearm = wheel
-With elbow flexed, the wheel is much longer than the axle; Easier to turn

48
Q

The relationship of force on an inclined plane

A

A. Longer ramp, less force, greater distance
B. Shorter ramp, more force, shorter distance
-What is gained in force is lost in distance

Kinesiology (10 decks)

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