Chapter 2 (Skeletal System) Flashcards
what is the function of skeleton system?
- support - for soft tissue of the body
- movement- bones serve as levers and joints as fulcrum
- protection - vital organs
- mineral storage - calcium and phosphorus
- production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
- provide shape
bones are grouped in two main categories.
axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
what is the axial skeleton?
the upright part of the body. head thorax and trunk (80 bones)
what is the appendicular skeleton?
attaches to axial skeleton. Makes up the extremities (126 bones)
what are the bones of the axial skeleton?
hyoid, vertebrae column (sacrum, coccyx, cervical, thoracic, lumbar), thorax (sternum, ribs - true, false, floating)
what are the upper extremity bones of the appendicular skeleton?
scapula, clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
what are the lower extremities of the appendicular skeleton?
hip, femur, tibia, fibular, patella, tarsals,metatarsals, phalanges
Composition of bones?
- Among bodies hardest structures
- Dynamic and metabolically active throughout life
- Vascularized (self repairing and remodeling; can heal itself due to blood supply)
what 2 different materials are the bones made of?
1/3 organic material which gives bones its ELASTICITY
2/3 inorganic material which provides the bones HARDNESS and STRENGTH
Why are bones considered an organ?
made up of several different types of tissues
What is an osteon?
fundamental unit of bone
What is the hard dense outer shell of the bone called?
compact bone; (it completely covers the bone, it is thick along the shaft and plates of flat bones and thin along the ends of long bones)
what is the spongy and porous inside portion of the bone called?
cancellous or trabecular bone; (it is made up of the same material as compact bone but, more porous and contains less solid material, It is a loose mesh structure filled with marrow)
what are the articular ends of bones made up of?
cancellous bone
what is the area at the end of the bone called?
Epiphysis
in adult bones the epiphysis is what?
osseous material
in growing bones the epiphysis is what?
cartilaginous material called the epiphyseal plate
what does the epiphyseal plate do?
manufactures new bone (once epiphyseal plate fuses together = no longer growth)
what is the diaphysis?
the main shaft of the bone
What is the periosteum?
thin fibrous membrane, covering all of the bone except for articular surfaces, contains nerve and blood vessels
What is the function of the periosteum?
nourishment, promoting growth in diameter of immature bones, repairing bones and serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments
What are the 5 types of bones?
long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones,
sesamoid bones
Describe long bones
length is greater than width.
tubular shaped with shaft and bulbous ends
(Ex. clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, fibula, tibia, metatarsals)
Describe short bones
dimensions equal, cubical shape
Ex. carpals, tarsals
Describe flat bones
Broad surface, not thick
Ex. scapula, ilium= hip, ribs, sternum
Describe irregular bones
Variety of mixed shapes
Ex. sacrum, vertebrae, coccyx
Describe Sesamoid bones
Small bones resembling sesame seeds. Located where tendons cross long bones. Change angle of attachment. Protect from excessive wear. (Ex. patella)
What is a foramen?
hole through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass.
(Ex. vertebral foramen of the cervical vertebrae)
What is a fossa?
hollow or depression.
Ex. glenoid fossa of scapula
What is a groove?
ditchlike groove containing a tendon or blood vessel.
Ex. bicipital;groove of humerus
What is a condyle?
rounded knuckle-like projection.
Ex.medial condyle of femur
What is a facet?
flat or shallow articular surface.
Ex. articular facet of rib
What is a head?
rounded articular projection beyond neck portion of bone.
Ex.head of femur
What is the crest of a bone?
crest sharp ridge or border
Ex, iliac crest of hip
What is the epicondyle?
prominence above or on a condyle
ex. medial epicondyle of humerus
What is a trochanter?
Very large prominence for muscle attachment
Ex. Greater trochanter of femur
What is a tubercle?
small rounded projection
Ex. Greater tubercle of humerus
What is a tuberosity?
larger rounded projection
Ex. ischial tuberosity
How many bones are in the human body?
206
What is a fracture?
broken or cracked bone
What is osteoporosis?
condition characterized by loss of normal bone density or mass
Osteomyelitis
infection of bone
This provides support & is primarily made of cancellous bone
Metaphysis
What is the endosteum?
membrane that lines the medullary canal.
** Causes bone resorption (osteoclasts)
Provides nutrients for arteries.
Medullay canal
What are mechanical principles that relate to the human body? (static, dynamic kinetics & kinematics)
Biomechanics
Contains blood vessels and nerve supply. Small channels at center of each osteon.
haversian canal
