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Kinesiology > Chapter 2 (Skeletal System) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (Skeletal System) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of skeleton system?

A
  1. support - for soft tissue of the body
  2. movement- bones serve as levers and joints as fulcrum
  3. protection - vital organs
  4. mineral storage - calcium and phosphorus
  5. production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
  6. provide shape
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2
Q

bones are grouped in two main categories.

A

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

what is the axial skeleton?

A

the upright part of the body. head thorax and trunk (80 bones)

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4
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton?

A

attaches to axial skeleton. Makes up the extremities (126 bones)

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5
Q

what are the bones of the axial skeleton?

A

hyoid, vertebrae column (sacrum, coccyx, cervical, thoracic, lumbar), thorax (sternum, ribs - true, false, floating)

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6
Q

what are the upper extremity bones of the appendicular skeleton?

A

scapula, clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges

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7
Q

what are the lower extremities of the appendicular skeleton?

A

hip, femur, tibia, fibular, patella, tarsals,metatarsals, phalanges

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8
Q

Composition of bones?

A
  1. Among bodies hardest structures
  2. Dynamic and metabolically active throughout life
  3. Vascularized (self repairing and remodeling; can heal itself due to blood supply)
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9
Q

what 2 different materials are the bones made of?

A

1/3 organic material which gives bones its ELASTICITY

2/3 inorganic material which provides the bones HARDNESS and STRENGTH

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10
Q

Why are bones considered an organ?

A

made up of several different types of tissues

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11
Q

What is an osteon?

A

fundamental unit of bone

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12
Q

What is the hard dense outer shell of the bone called?

A

compact bone; (it completely covers the bone, it is thick along the shaft and plates of flat bones and thin along the ends of long bones)

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13
Q

what is the spongy and porous inside portion of the bone called?

A

cancellous or trabecular bone; (it is made up of the same material as compact bone but, more porous and contains less solid material, It is a loose mesh structure filled with marrow)

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14
Q

what are the articular ends of bones made up of?

A

cancellous bone

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15
Q

what is the area at the end of the bone called?

A

Epiphysis

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16
Q

in adult bones the epiphysis is what?

A

osseous material

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17
Q

in growing bones the epiphysis is what?

A

cartilaginous material called the epiphyseal plate

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18
Q

what does the epiphyseal plate do?

A

manufactures new bone (once epiphyseal plate fuses together = no longer growth)

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19
Q

what is the diaphysis?

A

the main shaft of the bone

20
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

thin fibrous membrane, covering all of the bone except for articular surfaces, contains nerve and blood vessels

21
Q

What is the function of the periosteum?

A

nourishment, promoting growth in diameter of immature bones, repairing bones and serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments

22
Q

What are the 5 types of bones?

A

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones,

sesamoid bones

23
Q

Describe long bones

A

length is greater than width.
tubular shaped with shaft and bulbous ends
(Ex. clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, fibula, tibia, metatarsals)

24
Q

Describe short bones

A

dimensions equal, cubical shape

Ex. carpals, tarsals

25
Q

Describe flat bones

A

Broad surface, not thick

Ex. scapula, ilium= hip, ribs, sternum

26
Q

Describe irregular bones

A

Variety of mixed shapes

Ex. sacrum, vertebrae, coccyx

27
Q

Describe Sesamoid bones

A 
Small bones resembling sesame seeds. 
Located where tendons cross long bones.
Change angle of attachment.
Protect from excessive wear.
(Ex. patella)
28
Q

What is a foramen?

A

hole through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass.
(Ex. vertebral foramen of the cervical vertebrae)

29
Q

What is a fossa?

A

hollow or depression.

Ex. glenoid fossa of scapula

30
Q

What is a groove?

A

ditchlike groove containing a tendon or blood vessel.

Ex. bicipital;groove of humerus

31
Q

What is a condyle?

A

rounded knuckle-like projection.

Ex.medial condyle of femur

32
Q

What is a facet?

A

flat or shallow articular surface.

Ex. articular facet of rib

33
Q

What is a head?

A

rounded articular projection beyond neck portion of bone.

Ex.head of femur

34
Q

What is the crest of a bone?

A

crest sharp ridge or border

Ex, iliac crest of hip

35
Q

What is the epicondyle?

A

prominence above or on a condyle

ex. medial epicondyle of humerus

36
Q

What is a trochanter?

A

Very large prominence for muscle attachment

Ex. Greater trochanter of femur

37
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

small rounded projection

Ex. Greater tubercle of humerus

38
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

larger rounded projection

Ex. ischial tuberosity

39
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

40
Q

What is a fracture?

A

broken or cracked bone

41
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

condition characterized by loss of normal bone density or mass

42
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

infection of bone

43
Q

This provides support & is primarily made of cancellous bone

A

Metaphysis

44
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

membrane that lines the medullary canal.

** Causes bone resorption (osteoclasts)

45
Q

Provides nutrients for arteries.

A

Medullay canal

46
Q

What are mechanical principles that relate to the human body? (static, dynamic kinetics & kinematics)

A

Biomechanics

47
Q

Contains blood vessels and nerve supply. Small channels at center of each osteon.

A

haversian canal

Kinesiology (10 decks)

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