CHAPTER 8 - AIR DELIVERY Flashcards
What are the 3 primary types of AD?
personnel container delivery system (CDS) heavy equipment (HE)
How many LLSL parachutists can be dropped from the paratroop doors? From the ramp and door?
paratroop doors - 80 per pass (20 static lines per anchor cable is not exceeded)
ramp and door - one anchor cable is used each pass with a max of 20 jumpers
Above what altitude constitutes Military Free Fall?
3,000 AGL to 35,000 MSL
How many containers can be dropped at one time?
16 individual A-22 containers or up to 10 A-7A/A-21 containers
What is the preferred method for CDS drops?
Centerline Vertical Restraint System
Why is CVR the preferred method for CDS drops?
provides the required vertical restraint without the use of 5000 lb straps
What skid boards is the CVR system compatible with?
48 x 48 (16 bundles may be dropped)
48 x 53.5 (14 bundles may be dropped)
48 x 96
When is a buffer stop assembly (BSA) used?
for all CDS loads in excess of 5000 lbs
Provides 3G forward restraint
What weight constitutes an HE load?
no less than 2520 lbs and no more than 42000 lbs
When do jumpers require floatation devices and a minimum of 1 rescue boat?
when a DZ is within 1000 meters of water (greater than 4 ft deep or 40 ft wide)
Minimum LE-PI
HE (<1100’ AGL)
CDS (<600’ AGL)
Personnel (<1000’ AGL)
HE - 500
CDS - 200
Personnel - 300
When do DZ surveys become obsolete?
5 years after the date of MAJCOM approval
AD
When should you use safety zone distances?
during peacetime personnel drops
Do you use safety zone distances for HALO/HAHO?
No
For peacetime personnel ADs, the safety zone will never be less than __ yards.
200
AD
What rate of deceleration does the CNI-MU use for slowdowns?
90 kts per minute (1.5 kts per second)
120 kts per minute (2 kts per second) is closer to the actual profile when the pilot flying conducts an aggressive, flight-idle slowdown
Does CAPS calculate a HARP circle?
No
What are some planning considerations for Combo ADs?
- use the cargo exit time, personnel exit time and 3 seconds for the exit of the first jumper
- base stick length and green light duration on the personnel CARP to ensure the last jumper will land safely on the DZ
- for multiple bundles, add 1 additional second per bundle
- for multiple HE platforms, add 4 seconds per platform
For JM-directed HALO drops, when may the green light be turned on?
1 minute prior to release point
When is the CARP INIT 6/6 page available?
Only when a drivable chute is selected on the CARP INIT 2/6 page
The PM will enter the surface winds in the CARP PROG 1/2 page no later than when?
the 1 minute checklist
The CNI TP must be cycled by a minimum of __ NM for HUD symbology and sensitive steering to the CARP.
2
When does the CNI switch from entered winds to sensed winds during ADs?
once the slowdown point is sequenced
AD
The CNI will continually update the ballistic wind and adjust the CARP until when during the run-in?
10 seconds prior to CARP
CNI switches to entered winds at 10 seconds
What is the difference between HVCDS and LVCDS?
HVCDS: stabilizing chutes to maintain the load in an upright position. Not intended to slow descent
LVCDS: chutes slow descent to minimize shock to load
What chutes are used for HVCDS?
12, 22, and 26 ft ring-slot chutes; reefed G12E, G13, G14; or LCADS-HV
What ballistics are used for LCADS-HV and how is it rigged?
Ballistics for a 26 ft ring slot chute and rigged for breakaway to prevent aircraft damage regardless of drop altitude
What type of platforms do we use for HE?
Type V platform
What system must be operating IOT drop HE?
Operable dual rail system
Operable bomb-rack to launch the extraction parachute
Unobstructed left hand dual rail cover to allow travel of the Extraction Force Transfer Coupling (EFTC) actuator
Are towplates used for HE drops?
No
What are the primary chutes used for HE drops?
G-12E
G-11B
G-11C
What ballistic data should you use for all cargo drops and why?
The USAF C-130H ballistics data due to the lack of the Enhanced Roller System (ERS) on the USMC J model.
What are the limits to how many door bundles can be dropped?
Limited to one bundle per exit used
Can be dropped from paratroop doors or off ramp
How many CRRCs and jumpers can be passed? What are some limitations?
2 CRRCs and 18 jumpers (limited to daylight ops)
OR
1 CRRC and 19 jumpers on single pass
What systems does JPADS use?
Aircraft GPS antenna
Steerable chutes
Modular Autonomous Guidance Unit (MAGU) to steer loads to a designated PI
What are the airspeed limits? LLSL HALO/HAHO Equipment/Combo HE CRRC/CRL/CDS/HVCDS Door bundle
LLSL - 130
HALO/HAHO - 130 (110 min - 150 max)
Equipment/Combo - 130 (140 when gross weight >120K)
HE - 140
CRRC/CRL/CDS/HVCDS - 130 (140 when gross weight >120k)
Door bundle - 130
What are the surface wind limits? LLSL LAND LLSL WATER MFF LAND MFF WATER
LLSL LAND - 13 kts
LLSL WATER - 17 kts
MFF LAND - 18 kts
MFF WATER - 20 kts
Difference between breakaway and non breakaway
Breakaway - extraction line is not left
Non break away - extraction line is left (used for lower altitudes to ensure chute comes out)
DZ size criteria
When do we increase the size?
For official sunset to sunrise increase length and width by 100 yards (add 50 yards to each side and 50 yards to each end)
What is the minimum size criteria for a single item?
It places the PI in the center of the DZ
This concept reflects the need to maintain a minimum distance on the back of the DZ that is equal to the minimum LE to PI distance for a given drop altitude and environment
What does RAMZ stand for?
Rigging Alternate Method Zodiac
What are some water DZ markings?
3 or more boats in formation to make an inverted L
Floating smoke pot to indicate PI
Day markers to identify boat can be signal mirrors, VS17 panels, or smoke
Night markers to identify boat can be colored lights (green on bow red on stern bow into the wind), rotating beacon, light gun, strobe light (white or IR)
What are some land DZ markings?
raised angle markers (RAM), VS-17 marker panels, visible lighting systems, and light beacons.
Virtually any type of lighting or visual marking system is acceptable if all participating units are briefed and concur.
Night markings may include a light gun, flares, fire pots, railroad fuses, flashlights, chemlights, and infrared (IR) lighting systems.
Electronic NAVAID markings (ZM, SST-181, TACAN), etc.) may be used for either day or night operations and placed as directed by mission requirements.
When do we get CARP VERT?
- when drop altitude is at least 2000 ft above PI elevation and aircraft is off the drop altitude by >200 ft (above or below)
- when drop altitude is less than 2000 ft above PI elevation and aircraft is above the drop altitude by >200 ft or the aircraft is 10% below the drop altitude AGL
When do we get CARP XTRK?
When crosstrack error is greater than 150 meters (164 yards)
At what timing in the drop sequence would we get CARP VERT and/or CARP XTRK?
Inside 30 secs
When are sensed winds used in place of entered winds?
- ballistic wind has not been entered
- a/c has passed the SD point
- a/c is within 200 ft of drop altitude
Define DQ
Constant, in secs, that compensates for the non-linear deceleration in forward speed of a load as it approaches stabilization
DQ = (FTD-ED)/EGS
Define Drift Effect
Horizontal distance traveled downwind by a load under full canopy
Define Exit Time (ET)
Elapsed time, in secs, from green light to exit of FIRST object
Define Forward Travel Distance (FTD)
Ground distance traveled by load from green light to stabilization
Define Forward Travel Time (FTT)
Compensates for the horizontal distance object travels from green light to stabilization
ET+DQ
Define Rate of Fall (RF)
Vertical velocity, in ft/sec, of load while under full canopy
Define Stabilization
Point in the drop sequence where descent is within 10% of a constant day sea level rate of fall. Normally forward velocity has decreased to 0
Define Time of Constant (TFC)
Constant, in secs, compensates for the non linear rate of fall from load exit to stabilization
Define Vertical Distance
Distance, in ft, a load falls after exiting aircraft and prior to stabilization.
Define Usable DZ Length (UDZL)
Distance from PI to trailing edge (minus safety zone)
Define Usable DZ Time (UDZT)
“red-light time” - equal to the time it takes a/c to fly the UDZL
UDZL converted to time in seconds. Subtract 1 second for HARP. Minimum is 3 seconds regardless of length
Define Green Light
Arrival of a/c at air release point. Signals start of UDZT
Define Red Light
Announce end of UDZT
Whenever possible, what should the inbound course be for a HARP?
Should be perpendicular to the wind line IOT allow all personnel to be released at approx the same distance from the intended PI
Combo
How much time do you add for multiple bundles? Multiple HE platforms?
1 additional second per bundle
4 seconds per HE platform
What’s the difference between primary combo method and alternate combo method?
Primary - plans for personnel to land on published PI and cargo lands within usable DZ
Alternate - cargo lands abeam the published PI with personnel landing within DZ on centerline
When should the alternate combo method be used?
Only if the cargo will not land within the usable DZ
What will the alternate combo method reduce?
May reduce stick size and usable green light time
If cargo will not land within the DZ using either primary or alternate what are some of our options?
- changing the type of chute on cargo
- dropping at a lower altitude to reduce the personnel drift
- compromise and accept the jumpers landing off centerline
Define K Factor
Drift in meters per 1000 ft of altitude loss in a 1 kt wind
Must calculate for the lowest performance parachute. If jumpers are using lower performance reserves (higher K factor) then use that k factor
When does sensitive steering commence?
At the TP
When shall a NO DROP be called?
- at 10 seconds and not on altitude, airspeed, heading, with checklists complete
- if 1 min checklist not complete by 10 seconds
- if GREEN LIGHT is not annunciated in the HUD
What is the minimum separation required between aircraft over the DZ?
15 seconds - this needs to be converted to NM so you can read it on your AA TACAN
Which checklist is never compressed and always given on time?
1 min checklist
When does the ramp and door need to be closed IOT re rig the static line retriever cables?
Every two passes if two anchor cables are used, one for each side
What shall the stick size be?
Shall not exceed the usable DZ time rounded down to the nearest whole number
How many Type V HE platforms can we drop?
3
What can be used in lieu of a traditional BSA or alternate forward barrier?
EBSA
expendable buffer stop assembly
When is HE AD prohibited?
Anytime the Derringer Door or the SABIR Arm are installed on the left side or anytime the left hand dual rail cover is obstructed or removed
Changing the exit time shifts what?
Changing the DZ length changes what?
Shifts the CARP location
Changes the usable DZ time
What is the maximum allowable value for exit time in the CNI-MU?
9.9 seconds
Combo
How do you calculate the new total DZ length so that the green light doesn’t extinguish prematurely?
Total DZ length = GS in yards per second (cargo ET + 3) + surveyed DZ length - safety zone
How are double A-22 type containers normally rigged?
for low velocity airdrops only
How is CDS extracted from the aircraft?
How is HE extracted?
CDS - by gravity
HE - by extraction chute
If dropping A-7A or A-21 door bundles weighing up to 500 lbs from the ramp or paratroop doors, which checklist is used?
personnel AD checklist
What chute does a CRRC typically use?
Recovery parachute is a G12 D/E deployed by a 15-ft pilot chute packed in a T-10 deployment bag
What is an SATB?
Standard Airdrop Training Bundle
small training bundle that can be used to simulate any type of AD mission
What is a CEP?
Combat Expendable Platform
cargo loads rigged for low-velocity AD on expendable platforms
support forces who are unable to recover and return AD materials
What is CRL?
Container Ramp Load
cargo rigged for release from the aircraft ramp
previously referred to as RAMZ
Define ABORT
AD mission is untenable and will not be continued. Aircraft egress the objective area
Define DRY PASS
AD pass in which no load is dropped and flight safety is not affected for a formation. NO DROP call is internal to the DRY PASS aircraft but other a/c in formation may continue drop operations
Define JETTISON
intentionally releasing a drop load in an area other than the DZ
Define NO DROP
AD pass in which no load is dropped, and flight safety will be affected for a formation
NO DROP call is made over interplane and DZ freqs and all a/c in flight NO DROP
What do DZ surveys not ensure?
terrain and obstruction clearance
What factors can greatly inhibit slowdown profiles?
high density altitudes and tailwinds
What should you do if you cannot obtain an accurate altimeter setting prior to a drop?
plan an altitude calibration prior to the drop, preferably before the IP and typically during the 10-min checklist
consider taking a GPS altitude comparison or during preflight plan an appropriate geographical point for AGL/MSL altitude verification
What are the surface wind limits?
PARARESCUE (WATER)
PARARESCUE (TREE)
water - 22 (S/L)
25 (HGRP - high glide ratio parachute)
tree - 17 kts
What are the surface wind limits? HE CDS (G-12) CDS (G-13/14) HVCDS SATB
HE - 17 CDS (G-12) - 13 CDS (G-13/14) - 20 HVCDS - no restriction SATB - 25
When do LMs move forward of the load?
At the 10 minute checklist
What should you do if the drop checklists falls within a known threat zone?
consider running them early or late
delaying 10 min checklist to maximize rear observation time may be appropriate
What are the standard drop airspeeds?
personnel/combo - 130
cargo - 140
Circular DZ
Advantage and disadvantage of leaving PI at center of circle
Advantage - provides maximum flexibility bc the run-in can be changed without affecting the usable drop zone size
Disadvantage - does not maximize the usable DZ size
For HE and CDS drops, what should you do to the minimum drop altitude for every 5000 ft of PI elevation?
For every 5000 ft of PI elevation, add 50 ft to the minimum drop altitude to ensure the chute opens in time
Ex. PI elevation - 10,500, add 100’ to min drop alt
HE
Minimum altitude for G-11B (1 chute)
700’ AGL
How will all CDS loads dropped at or above 10,000’ MSL be rigged?
with breakaway static lines
How will HVCDS dropped below 10,000’ MSL be rigged?
with non-breakaway static lines
CDS
Min altitude for G-12D and G-12E chutes (1x chute)
400’ AGL
What is the deceleration rate for an ascending slowdown?
Descending slowdown?
ascending - 2.5 kts/sec
descending - 1.5 kts/sec
Slowdown Calculation
When should you consider adding more length to the slowdown?
add 0.1 NM to slowdown distances for every 5000 lbs gross weight increase above 110,000 lbs
What is the conversion factor for converting kts to yards per second?
1.78
How do you determine UDZT?
Divide usable DZ distance by a/c groundspeed in yards/second
How do you determine maximum size of stick for LLSL?
size of stick shall not exceed the UDZT rounded down to the nearest whole number
Combo
The correct combo red-light time is equal to what?
personnel red-light time plus the additional exit time (cargo ET+3)
Combo
The correct total DZ length is increased by what?
increased by a distance equal to the a/c groundspeed in yards per second multiplied by the additional exit time
GSyps(Cargo ET+3) + Surveyed DZ length
Should a combo CARP have any effect on stick length?
No
max stick length shall be determined by the usable drop zone for personnel
Do you still subtract 200 yards for a safety factor in a combo drop?
Yes
Once the combo CARP has been determined how do you calculate the planned PI for the cargo?
calculate a cargo CARP and use the long/short and left/right determinations to plot the ballistic travel of the cargo
if cargo lands within DZ then combo CARP is acceptable
Combo
If cargo lands outside DZ what can you do to get it onto DZ?
shift personnel PI in direction and distance required to “pull” cargo PI onto DZ.
Combo
How do you accomplish lateral and longitudinal shifts of the PI?
Lateral - must be accomplished by adjusting the PI coordinates
Longitudinal - accomplished by adjusting the PI coordinates or reducing the exit time. Must be accompanied by a reduction in total DZ length to ensure jumpers land in usable DZ. (this will reduce total stick length)
Combo
If you shift the PI laterally, what shall the distance be?
distance between PI and DZ boundary shall be at least 1/2 the min req DZ width
Alternate Combo
If DZ is sufficiently long, what can you do?
may not require to shift CARP if DZ long enough to accommodate all jumpers after cargo exits
use the LLSL CARP. Useable DZ time must meet or exceed number of jumpers plus the cargo exit time plus 3
What are the 4 formation air delivery options?
Slowdown over same geographic point
Slowdown at same time
-2 slow down prior to lead
Lead and -2 slowdown different IPs
What altitudes can JPADS be accomplished between?
5,000’ AGL and 24,500’ MSL
When shall supplemental oxygen be used by all aircrew?
unpressurized operations above 10,000’ MSL
For drops above 10,000’ MSL, who is allowed on the a/c?
only essential personnel who have accomplished appropriate physiological training
When can parachutists operate without oxygen?
during unpressurized flights up to 13,000’ MSL, provided time above 10,000 ft does not exceed 30 mins for each sortie
For drops at or above 20,000’ MSL, who must be on board?
Either an
Aerospace physiologist
Special operations technician
Aerospace physiologist technician
Qualified AF physiologist
What will a physiologist do on board the a/c?
- monitor in-flight personnel and oxygen/life support equipment
- advise/aid LM in positioning oxygen equipment
- brief all on board about problems that can be encountered, importance of pre-breathing, effects of wind blast, cold air on exposed tissue
- shall be on ICS
- should be positioned forward of oxygen console
What shall be coordinated prior to mission if dropping above 20,000’ MSL?
access to a decompression chamber
What are requirements for pre-breathing?
- shall breath 100% oxygen at or below a cabin altitude of 16,000’
- will be conducted with a personally-fitted oxygen mask attached to an approved helmet and personal oxygen system
- portable oxygen bottles may not be used for pre-breathing
Is the quick-don mask approved for pre-breathing?
No!
When completed with drops above 20,000’ MSL, when can crew members come off 100% oxygen?
when cabin altitude is below 10,000 ft
What happens if there’s a break in pre-breathing?
requires the pre-breathing period to be restarted or that individual who broke it to be removed from flight
What are the pre-breathing times?
At or above 20,000 to 29,999 - 30 mins
Above 30,000 to 34,999 - 45 mins
Above 35,000 - 75 mins
AD conducted above 25,000’ MSL requires what?
consent of appropriate force commander
What shall be provided for each person aboard a/c except parachutists above 25,000’ MSL?
MA-1 portable oxygen units equipped with A-21 regulators (all units must have a web-carrying strap)
What is the restriction if someone is to be exposed to 30,000 ft?
No personnel will be exposed to 30,000 ft more than 3 times in a 7-day period and must have a minimum of 24 hours between exposures
What does LAR stand for?
Launch Acceptability Region
Is DZ size a factor for MFF?
No, due to the highly maneuverable parachutes
HALO can be broken down into which portions?
HVDE - High Velocity Drift Effect (wind drift experienced by jumper during free fall)
DDE - Deployed Drift Effect (wind drift experienced by jumper under canopy)
DD - Drive Distance (distance a jumper can drive the parachute after deployment)
What is the formula for HVDE
HVDE = K x A x V
K= HALO free fall K factor
A=thousands of ft from drop alt to actuation alt
V=ballistic wind velocity from drop to actuation alt
HVDE is in meters
What is the formula for DDE
DDE = (A-S)V/K
K=HAHO K factor
A=thousands of ft from actuation to surface
S=safety factor in thousands of ft
V=ballistic wind velocity from actuation to surface
DDE is in NM
What does the safety factor account for?
assembly of parachutists under canopy and final approach to DZ
What is the normal safety factor?
2,000 ft but can be discussed with JM
What is the formula for DD
DD = (A-S)F/K
K=HAHO K factor
A=thousands of ft from actuation to surface
S=safety factor
F=forward drive velocity of chut in kts
DD is in NM
What do you need to do the DD?
multiply by the 80% safety factor
Ex. DD = 2.3 NM
- 3 x 0.8 = 1.84
- 84 NM = DD you should use for the LAR
What website should you use for JPADS drops?
https://www.airdrop.mil/
What must be installed on the a/c for a JPADS mission?
GPS retransmit kit (GPS-RTK)
If conducting JPADS/HAHO combo, where shall the HARP be located?
area where the JPADS LAR and HAHO LAR overlap.
Choose a run-in heading perpendicular to ballistic wind vector to maximize usable drop time in both LARs.
Air Delivery
When shall 2 LMs be in the cargo compartment?
on all drops 14,000’ MSL and above except MFF
Air Delivery
When is only 1 LM required in the cargo compartment?
- using only 1x paratroop door for personnel and/or door bundle drops (less than 100 lbs)
- non-static line personnel are dropped from ramp and door
- dropping only SATBs or door bundles (less than 100 lbs) off the ramp and door
- dropping a single CDS container using manual gate cut procedures
What are the 20 min and 10 min time warnings based off of?
All other warnings?
based of CARP TOT if one is entered, otherwise they are on the TTG to CARP computed by CNI
based on CNI TTG
What rate of deceleration does CNI use for TTG calculations?
1.5 kts/sec
consider applying TOT to TP that accounts for TTG from TP to the CARP
When shall the PM enter the surface winds into CARP PROG 1/2?
NLT 1-min checklist
When shall the PM leave his hand on the computer drop switch?
if it is any position other than MAN
in the even of NO DROP immediately place switch to MAN
What is the minimum acceptable altitude for bailout?
400’ AGL
How do you order a bailout of LLSL in the event of an a/c emergency?
1 long ring of alarm bell and turn green light on
How is the DZ PI indicated on the HUD?
Goalposts
How many separate airdrops can be in each flight plan route?
10 with each one having the capability to run multiple passes over the DZ
For multiple drops, what must be verified on the CNI-MU?
sensed winds must be selected each time
Racetrack
If dropping same type of load - which checklist do you start with after completion of drop checklist?
different type of load?
10 min for same type of load
20 min if different type of load
What are the required read-backs when receiving an on-call DZ airdrop brief?
Lines 1, 2, and 7
1 - PI Location
2 - PI Elevation
7 - Restrictions
Which parachutes in the CNI MU selection are drivable?
MT1-X
MTI-S
MTI
What is Stage 1 in CNI-MU?
Stage 2?
Stage 1 - HAHO release
Stage 2 - HALO release
Can the ramp and door be open at the same time as paratroop doors?
At no time in flight will the cargo ramp and door be open while the paratroop doors are open due to the possibility of structural damage occurring
CDS drops are not recommended at what weight?
gross weights below 104,000 lbs
Combo drops are restricted to what?
single-ship or last aircraft of an HE/CDS formation
When may LMs wear a back-pack parachute?
When shall they wear a restraint harness?
drops between 800’ AGL and 14,000’ MSL
above or below these altitudes
