6 FUNCTIONS OF MARINE AVIATION Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 6 functions of Marine aviation?
A
Air Reconnaissance (AR) Anti-Air Warfare (AAW) Assault Support (AS) Control of Aircraft & Missiles Electronic Warfare (EW) Offensive Air Support (OAS)
2
Q
3 categories of Air Recon
A
Visual
Imagery - sensors
Electronic - detects enemy EM radiation
3
Q
How is Imagery in Air Recon divided?
A
Optical - uses lens to focus light. requires visible light
Non-Optical - IR/radar sensors
4
Q
What are the 3 steps in air recon?
A
Detection - object has becoming interesting (something is moving)
Recognition - fidelity achieved to place object into category (that is a tank)
Identification - fidelity achieved to classify object (that is a T-80 variant)
5
Q
What are the 5 basic prerequisites for Air Recon to be effective?
A
- Air Superiority
- SEAD
- Cooperative weather
- Capable platforms and sensors
- Flexible control
6
Q
How are preplanned air recon missions requested?
A
submit Joint Tactical Air Strike Request (JTAR) via air officer
7
Q
How are immediate air recon missions requested?
A
via DASC
8
Q
Air Recon
What does M stand for on a UA?
R?
A
M = multi-mission
R = reconnaissance
9
Q
How are UAs categorized?
A
into 5 groups based on weight and operation characteristics
1 = lightest, lowest, slowest 5 = heaviest, highest, fastest
10
Q
Air Recon
How is the USMC Family of System divided?
What are the differences?
A
Small (SUAS)
- hand launched systems (RQ-11B Raven, RQ-12A Wasp, RQ-20A Puma)
- low cost, “over the hill”
- extremely small
- Integrated by FiST, TACP, operated by 2 personnel
Small Tactical (STUAS)
- operated by VMUs
- larger, more capable than SUAS
- RQ-21A - joint group 3 asset
- 24 personnel
11
Q
What 3 things must Air Recon be?
A
Responsive
Flexible
Survivable
12
Q
Define AAW
A
action required to destroy or reduce the enemy air and missile threat to an acceptable level
13
Q
What are the 2 purposes of AAW
A
Force Protection
Air Superiority
14
Q
What 3 principles are AAW based on?
A
Destruction-in-depth
Mutual Support
Centralized Command and Decentralized control
15
Q
What are the 4 operation elements of Theater Air Defense (TAD)?
A
Active Air and Missile Defense (AMD)
Passive Air and Missile Defense (AMD)
Attack Operations
C4I (command, control, computers, & intelligence)
16
Q
What does Assault Support provide?
A
ability to concentrate strength against selected enemy weaknesses using speed and surprise
17
Q
What are the 2 categories of Assault Support missions?
A
Pre-planned - within ATO cycle
Immediate - outside ATO cycle that arise suddenly
18
Q
What are the 2 types of pre-planned assault support missions?
A
Scheduled
On-call
19
Q
When does reliance on assault support increase?
A
when movement of personnel/equipment must be done quickly over long distances or over prohibitive terrain
20
Q
What are the 6 different assault support operations?
A
CAT - Combat Assault Transport Air Delivery AAR - Air to Air Refueling Air Evacuation TRAP - Tactical Recovery of Aircraft and Personnel Air Logistical Support
21
Q
When is TRAP conducted?
A
only when survivors and locations are confirmed
22
Q
MAGTF aviation operates under what principle tenet?
A
Principle tenet of centralized command and decentralized control
23
Q
What are the 2 types of control exercised by MACCS?
A
Air Direction
Air Control
24
Q
What is NOT part of the administrative chain of MACG but integral element of MACCS?
A
TACP - Tactical Air Control Party
25
What are the principle objectives of MACCS?
Enhance unity of effort
Integrate elements of C2 system
Disseminate common situational awareness
26
Which is the senior MACCS agency?
TACC - Tactical Air Command Center
27
Which agency employs the Stinger missile system and crew-served weapons?
LAAD - Low Altitude Air Defense
28
What does the DASC do?
principal MACCS agency responsible for the direction of air operations directly supporting ground and maritime forces
29
What is the TAOC?
Primary Defensive Counterair (AAW) control agency within MAGTF
30
Define EW
any military action involving use of EM and directed energy to control the EMS or attack the enemy
31
EW is divided into what 3 subdivisions?
```
Electromagnetic Support (ES)
Electromagnetic Attack (EA)
Electromagnetic Protection (EP)
```
32
What are common types of EA
spot, barrage, and sweep jamming
33
What planning and considerations are included in EW
```
Countermeasures (CM)
EM Interference (EMI)
Electronic Intelligence (ELINT)
Emission Control (EMCON)
```
34
Define OAS
those air ops conducted against enemy installations, facilities, and personnel to directly assist in the attainment of MAGTF objectives thru destruction of enemy resources or by isolation of enemy military forces
35
What are the 3 major areas of OAS
Deep
Close
Rear
36
What are the 2 subcategories of OAS
DAS (Deep Air Support)
| CAS (Close Air Support)
37
Define DAS
air action against enemy targets at such a distance from friendly forces that detailed integration of each mission with fire and movement from friendly forces is NOT required
38
What missions are included in DAS
```
Air Interdiction (AI) or STRIKE
Armed Reconnaissance (AR)
Strike Coordination and Reconnaissance (SCAR)
```
39
Define CAS
air action by fixed or rotary wing aircraft against hostile targets in close proximity to friendly forces and requires detailed integration of each air mission with fire and movement of those forces
40
Who can perform TAC (Terminal Attack Control)
only certified and qualified JTAC or FAC[A] is recognized and capable
41
What is Terminal Attack Control (TAC)?
authority to control the maneuver of and grant weapons release clearance to attacking aircraft
42
What are the 3 types of TAC?
1 - when JTAC/FAC requires control of individual attacks and situation require JTAC to visually acquire attacking a/c and visually acquire target for each attack
2 - when JTAC requires control of individual attacks and unable to visually acquire attacking a/c at weapons release or unable to visually acquire the target
3 - when JTAC requires ability to provide clearance for multiple attacks within a single engagement subject to specific attack restrictions
43
What is BOT and BOC and difference between the two?
BOT (Bomb on Target) - requires JTAC's intended target or mark is TALLY/CONTACT/CAPTURED by aircrew
BOC (Bomb on Coordinate) - a/c is never required to TALLY/CAPTURE the intended target or CONTACT the mark
44
What is the range, endurance, and payload of the RQ-21A Blackjack?
Range - 50 nm
Endurance - 10 hours
Payload - EO / IR, laser, range finder, comms relay
45
What are the 2 types of AAW
```
Offensive Counterair (OCA)
Defensive Counterair (DCA)
```
46
AAW
What are active AMD (air and missile defense) measures
Aircraft
AMD weapons
Electromagnetic Warfare (EW)
Other available weapons
47
AAW
What are passive AMD (air and missile defense) measures
Detection and Warning Systems and Procedures
Reducing Effectiveness of Enemy Targeting
Reduce Vulnerability
Recovery and Reconstitution
48
Capabilities of Assault Support
Quickly move MAGTF forces/equipment throughout the battlespace
Observation
Flexibility
49
Limitations of Assault Support
```
Limited visibility
Weather
LZ Identification
Reduced Radius of Action
Communications
Enemy Defense
Required escort support
```
50
Describe how the control of aircraft and missiles relates to the other five functions of United States
By providing the means for the MAGTF commander to exercise C2 authority over Marine Aviation assets
51
Air Control includes what?
Airspace Management
| Airspace Control
52
What does SADC do?
designated by AADC
manage available AAW assets IAW their authorities within assigned sector
coordinating and managing all active air and missile defense weapons, including a/c and S/A weapons
53
What does a FAC[A] do?
serves as an airborne extension of a ground TACP
54
Difference between a FAC[A] and a TAC(A)
A TAC(A) coordinates by serving as an extension of the DASC or TACC.
FAC's mission is to control
55
What are the 2 types of airborne coordinators
TAC(A) - Tactical Air Coordinator (Airborne)
| SCAR - Strike Coordination and Reconnaissance
56
Capabilities of Ground EW
- support ground unit's ops directly
- provide continuous ops
- respond to EW requirements of supported ground commander
- provide EMS jamming
57
Limitations of Ground EW
- vulnerable to enemy attack
- can be masked by terrain
- vulnerable to EP actions employed by enemy
- vulnerable to enemy EM deception measures
58
Capabilities of Airborne EW
- provide direct support to other tactical aviation missions
- provide extended EW range over that offered by ground assets
- possess greater mobility and flexibility than ground assets
- support ground units/MAGTF in general support and in coordination w/ Radio Battalion (RadBn)
59
Limitations of Airborne EW
- limited assets
- time on station considerations
- vulnerable to enemy EP actions
- vulnerable to enemy EM deception
- LOS limitations (although far greater ranges than ground assets)
60
List MAGTF EW assets
Radio Battalion (RadBn)
Ground Based EW
F-35
Intrepid Tiger II (IT-II) V1 and V3
61
Describe
Air Interdiction/Strike
Armed Recon
SCAR
AI - destroy/neutralize/delay enemy military potential before it can be brought to bear against friendly forces. Known targets. Large strike packages
AR - targets of opportunity in assigned areas. Target locations not known or briefed in advance. Defend terrain not suited to other forces
SCAR - closely linked to AR. acquire/report/coordinate destruction of targets. Talk on other AR missions
62
What determines the type of control used in a given CAS attack?
will be determined through a process known as tactical risk assessment.
This tactical risk assessment is a continuous process conducted by the CO, OpsO, FSC and other key staff members.
63
What are the 2 methods of attack for a CAS mission
BOC - Bomb on Coordinate
BOT - Bomb on Target
64
Does the type of TAC incur a certain level of risk?
no
65
What does Aviation Ground Support provide?
Forward Aviation Combat Engineering (FACE)
Airfield Operations
Base Recovery After Attack (BRAAT)
Airfield Damage Repair (ADR) Ops
Forward Arming and Refueling Point (FARP) Ops
Aircraft Salvage/Recovery (ACSR) Ops
66
Which AGS capabilities are unique to the aviation community?
EAF (expeditionary airfield) services, EFR (expeditionary firefighting and rescue), and aircraft refueling
67
What is MWSS's purpose?
to enable a MAG, composite MAG, or ACE to generate combat sorties for the MAGTF from expeditionary air bases ashore
68
What non-vital AGS logistics support does MLG provide to the ACE?
HST (helicopter support teams)
AD (air delivery)
A/DACG (arrival/dep airfield control group)
69
What is the FARP mission?
to provide fuel and ordnance necessary for a highly mobile and versatile helicopter, tiltrotor, and fixed-wing operations which enables increased sortie generation for the ACE
70
What is the objective of a FARP?
to minimize response time and decrease turnaround time in support of sustained operations ashore
71
List some MCMs (Maneuver Control Measures)
Boundaries
Phase Lines (PL)
Fire Support Areas (FSA)
72
List some ARMs (Airspace Reference Measures)
```
Air Control Point (ACP)
Bullseye
Contact Point (CP)
```
73
What do FSCMs do? (Fire Support Coordination Measure)
enhance expeditious attack of targets and provide safeguard for friendly forces
74
What 2 categories do FSCMs fall into?
Permissive
| Restrictive
75
How many FSCMs are considered permissive?
5
76
What are the 5 permissive FSCMs?
```
Free Fire Area (FFA)
Fire Support Coordination Line (FSCL)
Battlefield Coordination Line (BCL)
Coordinated Fire Line (CFL)
Kill Box
```
77
Where can an enemy sanctuary exist?
between the maximum range of IDF and the FSCL
78
Which coordination measure overlies the area between the BCL and FSCL?
Airspace Coordination Area (ACA)
79
What are the 2 types of Kill Boxes? Differences?
Blue Kill Box - permits DAS w/o further coordination from establishing HQ
Purple Kill Box - permits DAS w/o further coordination from establishing HQ while allowing land and maritime components to employ fires. Max use of fires
80
What is the standard size of a kill box?
30 minutes by 30 minutes
81
How is a kill box broken down by sizes?
single cell = 30 min x 30 min
quadrant = 15 min x 15 min
keypads = 5 min x 5 min
82
Kill Boxes will be inactive until an airspace control agency changes it to active.
What are the 4 different statuses that a Kill Box can have?
Airspace Status
"Open" - Aircraft admitted w/ coord.
"Closed" - Aircraft prohibited.
Fires Status
"Hot" - Fires require no further coord.
"Cold" - Fires require coord.
83
How many FSCMs are considered restrictive?
4
84
What do restrictive FSCMs provide?
safeguards to friendly forces
85
What are the 4 restrictive FSCMs?
Restrictive Fire Line (RFL)
Airspace Coordination Area (ACA)
Restrictive Fire Area (RFA)
No-Fire Area (NFA)
86
What are the 2 exceptions for firing into an NFA?
- when establishing HQ approves fires w/i the NFA on a mission-by-mission basis
- when enemy force w/i NFA engages a friendly force. Responds with minimal force needed to defend
87
What are the 3 types of Airspace Coordinating Measures (ACM)?
Air Corridor (AIRCOR)
Restricted Operations Zone (ROZ)
Stand Alone
88
What are 3 stand alone ACMs?
```
Coordinating Altitude (CA)
Coordinating Level (CL)
High-Density Airspace Control Zone (HIDACZ)
```
89
What are some Airspace Defense Measures (ADM)
Fighter Engagement Zone (FEZ)
Missile Engagement Zone (MEZ)
Joint Engagement Zone (JEZ)
Base Defense Zone (BDZ)
90
When should a JEZ be broken into a MEZ and FEZ?
If without sensors or IFF
91
What are some Air Traffic Control Measures (ATCM)
Controlled Firing Area (CFA)
MOA
Prohibited Area
Restricted Area
92
Define EMS
the range of all types of EM radiation
radio, microwave, infrared, visible, UV, x-rays, gamma rays
93
Define Cyberspace
man-made global domain within the information environment consisting of:
- interdependent networks of information technology infrastructures and resident data
- internet
- telecommunications networks
- computer systems
- embedded processors and controllers
94
What are some characteristics and challenges to Space:
- No Geographical Boundaries
- Orbital Mechanics
- Environmental Considerations
- EMS Dependency
95
Define Information Environment (IE)
the aggregate of individuals, organizations, and systems that collect, process, disseminate, or act on information
96
What are the dimensions of the IE
physical - tangible, real world
informational - data-centric
cognitive - human-centric
97
What is the mission of MAWTS-1
What else does it do?
provided standardized, advanced tactical training, and certification of unit instructor qualifications IOT support Marine Aviation T&R
provides assistance in the development and employment of aviation weapons and tactics
98
What is the MAWTS-1 CO responsible for?
accomplishes the mission through the WTI course, held twice a year
- conducts aviation and ground safety courses, instructor certifications, and supplementary courses of instruction
- serves as the syllabus sponsor for all aviation T&R manuals
- assists with development/employment of aviation weapons and tactics
99
WTTP assigns responsibilities at every level of Marine Aviation from the unit WTI to the Deputy Commandant for Aviation IOT achieve what?
support training that increases the combat readiness of aviation units
100
What are the responsibilities of the squadron/unit CO?
-ensure a professionally managed WTTP is conducted
- nominate qualified officer/enlisted PWTIs
- assign WTIs to each WTI T/O billet
- select candidates for unit instructor certifications
- authorize MAWTS-1 officer aircrew, who are current and proficient in their model aircraft, to act as PIC and Mission Commander when requested for instructor certifications or unit training support
