Chapter 8 AI generated Flashcards
Describe how babies receive different types of antibodies from their mothers.
Babies receive IgG via the placenta and IgA via the milk. Additionally, when a mother kisses the baby, pathogens on the baby’s skin can be sampled, leading to the production of antibodies that can be secreted through the milk.
Define the role of inducible regulatory T cells (iTreg) in the immune system.
Inducible regulatory T cells (iTreg) are important cells that help restrain the immune system. They are activated in environments with high levels of TGFB and produce IL-10 and TGFB, which help in controlling the immune response.
How do iTreg cells restrain the immune system?
iTreg cells produce IL-10, which blocks co-stimulatory signals and makes it harder for APCs to activate naive T cells. They also produce TGFB, which reduces T cell proliferation and decreases the aggressiveness of CTLs.
Describe the importance of restraining the immune system in tissues under the intestine.
Restraint of the immune system in tissues under the intestine is crucial to prevent excessive immune responses that could lead to inflammation and damage in the gut.
Explain the significance of restraining the immune system for allergies.
Restraint of the immune system is vital for managing allergies, as an overactive immune response can lead to allergic reactions and hypersensitivity. Controlling the immune system helps prevent unnecessary reactions to harmless substances.
Describe the role of B7 proteins on APCs in deating the immune system.
B7 proteins on APCs can plug into CTLA-4 on T cells, antagonizing the signal of the CD28 protein and acting as a signal dampener.
What is the function of programmed death 1 (PD-1) in deactivating T cells?
PD-1, when binding to its ligand PD-1L on attacked cell surfaces, prevents T cell proliferation.
Define checkpoint proteins in the context of immune system deactivation.
Checkpoint proteins like CTLA-4 and PD-1 regulate immune responses by limiting T cell activation and proliferation.
How do CTLA-4 and PD-1 contribute to limiting the immune response against cancer cells?
CTLA-4 and PD-1, along with their ligands expressed on cancer cells, hinder T cells’ ability to protect against cancer by preventing their activation and proliferation.
Describe the lifespan of neutrophils.
Neutrophils live for a few days.
What is the function of Fas ligand on CTLs in the context of AICD?
Fas ligand on CTLs binds to Fas on target cells, inducing apoptosis.
How does AICD eliminate obsolete T cells after re-stimulation?
AICD eliminates obsolete T cells by forcing them to undergo apoptosis.
Define activation-induced cell death (AICD) in the context of immune cells.
AICD is a process that eliminates unnecessary T cells after re-stimulation.
Describe the lifespan of resting plasma B cells.
Resting plasma B cells can live for up to three weeks.
