chapter 8 & 9 grammar Flashcards
affirmative formal command
“yo” form w/ opposite ending
hablAR –> hablO –> hablE(N)
negative formal command
add “no” in front of affirmative
affirmative informal command
3rd person, singular form
negative informal command
add “-s” to formal command
hablO –> hablAR –> hablES
where do pronouns go for affirmative commands
attach to end of verb
where do pronouns go for negative command
between “no” & verb
comparing 2 things of equal qualities
tan + adjective/adverb + como
comparing 2 things of equal quantity
tanto/a + noun + como
comparing equal action
verb + tanto como
comparing 2 things of unequal qualities
más/menos + adjective/adverb + que
comparing unequal actions
verb + más/menos que
better
mejor
changes for number but not gender
younger
smaller
menor
changes for number but not gender
worse
peor
changes for number but not gender
older
bigger
mayor
changes for number but not gender
more than / less than
más de / menos de
superlatives
article (+ noun) + más/menos + adjective
“de” used to express “in” or “of”
si clause
subordinate clause + present indicative + future/present indicative/imperative (commands)
si clause future
what will happen
si clause present indicative
what regularly happens
si clause imperative
advice
si clause + conditional
hypothetical situation
si + imperfect subjunctive + conditional
subordinate clause might not always be first
imperfect subjunctive will always follow “si”
imperfect subjunctive form
preterite “Ellos” form
chop off “-on”
add endings:
-a
-as
-a
-amos
-an
future endings
add to infinitive
-é
-ás
-á
-emos
-án
conditional endings
add to infinitive
-ía
-ías
-ía
-íamos
-ían
si + past perfect subjunctive + ?
si + past perfect subjunctive + conditional perfect
past perfect subjunctive form
imperfect subjunctive “haber” + past participle
hubiera
hubieras
hubiera
hubiéramos
hubieran
conditional perfect endings
conditional “haber” + past participle
habría
habrías
habría
habríamos
habrían
indirect object pronouns
indicated to or for whom something is done
must ALWAYS be used if indirect object itself is mentioned
me
te
le
nos
les
se passive
used when person or thing performing an action is unknown or inimportant
direct object = subject
verb conjugated in 3rd person to agree w/ object
subject can either precede or follow the verb
Spanish is spoken here
Se habla español aquí
se impersonal
used when subject is unknown, unimportant, or not specified
not used w/ a noun –> verb always singular
se = general “you,” “they,” or “one”
They eat well in Colombia
Se come bien en Colombia
se accidental
used to express unplanned or accidental occurences
common to use passive structure
verb conjugated in 3rd person, used w/ indirect object pronoun
use personal a + noun/name to clarify/emphasize indirect object
The singer (accidentally) dripped the microphone
Al cantante se le cayó el micrófono
ser + past participle
passive voice construction
most used in historical context
emphasis on event rather than agent
past participle acts as adj –> must match noun
not common to use in present indicative
focus on whether or not something was done
estar + past participle
passive construction
indicates a condition or result of an action
past participle acts as adj –> must match noun
often conjugated in imperfect
