chapter 8 & 9 grammar

Question 1

affirmative formal command

Answer 1

“yo” form w/ opposite ending

hablAR –> hablO –> hablE(N)

Question 2

negative formal command

Answer 2

add “no” in front of affirmative

Question 3

affirmative informal command

Answer 3

3rd person, singular form

Question 4

negative informal command

Answer 4

add “-s” to formal command

hablO –> hablAR –> hablES

Question 5

where do pronouns go for affirmative commands

Answer 5

attach to end of verb

Question 6

where do pronouns go for negative command

Answer 6

between “no” & verb

Question 7

comparing 2 things of equal qualities

Answer 7

tan + adjective/adverb + como

Question 8

comparing 2 things of equal quantity

Answer 8

tanto/a + noun + como

Question 9

comparing equal action

Answer 9

verb + tanto como

Question 10

comparing 2 things of unequal qualities

Answer 10

más/menos + adjective/adverb + que

Question 11

comparing unequal actions

Answer 11

verb + más/menos que

Question 12

better

Answer 12

mejor

changes for number but not gender

Question 13

younger
smaller

Answer 13

menor

changes for number but not gender

Question 14

worse

Answer 14

peor

changes for number but not gender

Question 15

older
bigger

Answer 15

mayor

changes for number but not gender

Question 16

more than / less than

Answer 16

más de / menos de

Question 17

superlatives

Answer 17

article (+ noun) + más/menos + adjective

“de” used to express “in” or “of”

Question 18

si clause

Answer 18

subordinate clause + present indicative + future/present indicative/imperative (commands)

Question 19

si clause future

Answer 19

what will happen

Question 20

si clause present indicative

Answer 20

what regularly happens

Question 21

si clause imperative

Answer 21

advice

Question 22

si clause + conditional

Answer 22

hypothetical situation

si + imperfect subjunctive + conditional

subordinate clause might not always be first
imperfect subjunctive will always follow “si”

Question 23

imperfect subjunctive form

Answer 23

preterite “Ellos” form

chop off “-on”

add endings:
-a
-as
-a
-amos
-an

Question 24

future endings

Answer 24

add to infinitive

-é
-ás
-á

-emos
-án

Question 25

conditional endings

Answer 25

add to infinitive

-ía
-ías
-ía

-íamos
-ían

Question 26

si + past perfect subjunctive + ?

Answer 26

si + past perfect subjunctive + conditional perfect

Question 27

past perfect subjunctive form

Answer 27

imperfect subjunctive “haber” + past participle

hubiera
hubieras
hubiera

hubiéramos
hubieran

Question 28

conditional perfect endings

Answer 28

conditional “haber” + past participle

habría
habrías
habría

habríamos
habrían

Question 29

indirect object pronouns

Answer 29

indicated to or for whom something is done

must ALWAYS be used if indirect object itself is mentioned

me
te
le

nos
les

Question 30

se passive

Answer 30

used when person or thing performing an action is unknown or inimportant

direct object = subject

verb conjugated in 3rd person to agree w/ object

subject can either precede or follow the verb

Question 31

Spanish is spoken here

Answer 31

Se habla español aquí

Question 32

se impersonal

Answer 32

used when subject is unknown, unimportant, or not specified

not used w/ a noun –> verb always singular

se = general “you,” “they,” or “one”

Question 33

They eat well in Colombia

Answer 33

Se come bien en Colombia

Question 34

se accidental

Answer 34

used to express unplanned or accidental occurences

common to use passive structure

verb conjugated in 3rd person, used w/ indirect object pronoun

use personal a + noun/name to clarify/emphasize indirect object

Question 35

The singer (accidentally) dripped the microphone

Answer 35

Al cantante se le cayó el micrófono

Question 36

ser + past participle

Answer 36

passive voice construction

most used in historical context

emphasis on event rather than agent

past participle acts as adj –> must match noun

not common to use in present indicative

focus on whether or not something was done

Question 37

estar + past participle

Answer 37

passive construction

indicates a condition or result of an action

past participle acts as adj –> must match noun

often conjugated in imperfect