Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

414 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What groups need is an institutionalized procedure that ensures that decision making optimizes creativity and potential innovation.what is one way this can be done

A

constructive controversy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the nature of controversy

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

definition, decisions involve conflict, why

A

as several alternative courses of action are identified and considered before agreement is reached.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T: the conflict that arises when one person’s ideas, information, conclusions, theories, and opinions are incompatible with those of another person, and the two seek to reach an agreement

A

controversy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how are controversies solved

A

diliberate discourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T: the discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of proposed actions

A

deliberate discourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

5 steps for managing controversy ?

A

research and prepare a position

  1. present and advocate the position
  2. open discussion
  3. reverse perspectives
  4. reach a group decision through consensus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Each alternative course of action is assigned to a two-person advocacy team T

A

researching a prepared position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

go over figure 8.1

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T: occurs when members of a group inhibit discussion to avoid any disagreement or arguments, emphasize agreement, and avoid realistic appraisal of alternative ideas and courses of action

A

concurring seeking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what method are most group decisions based on

A

concurring seeking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T: members of a decision-making group set aside their doubts and misgivings about whatever policy is favored by the emerging consensus to be able to concur with the other members

A

group think (similar to concurrence seeking)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

exists when two or more individuals argue positions that are incompatible with one another and a judge declares a winner on the basis of who presented their position the best:T

A

debate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T: occurs when isolated individuals independently decide on a course of action without talking with one another

A

individualistic decision making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T: can be defined as differences in opinion or conclusion, especially from the majority

A

dissent (often results in arg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T: is a thesis statement or claim supported by at least one reason

A

argument

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T: a social process in which two or more individuals engage in a dialogue where arguments are constructed, presented, and critiqued

A

arguing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

2 types of arguments

A

collaborative and adversarial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

4 main ways to make a decision

A

controversy, debate, concurring seeking, individualistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

review table 8.2

A

..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Decisions are by their very nature controversial

A

t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

theory of constructive controversy: what are the 2 ends of the continuum of how you can structure decision making

A

constructive controversy and concurrence seeking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

6 steps in the process of controversy

A

figure 8.2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

2 outcomes of controversy

A

productivity and positive attitudes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

T: An individual’s mental interpretation of a situation based on his or her knowledge, understanding, and experiences.

A

cognitive perpective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is step 1 in process of cog controversy

A

Organizing Information and Deriving Conclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

step 2?

A

presenting and advocating positions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

T: occurs when an individual presents a position and provides reasons why others should adopt it.

A

advocacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Individuals’ commitment to decrease the more they have to advocate for it

A

f their position tends to increase as they advocate it. = freeze in epistemic process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

step 3?

A

Being Challenged by Opposing Views

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

which step unfreezes the epistemic process

A

being challenged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what steps freeze the epistemic process

A

1 and 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is step 4

A

Conceptual Conflict and Uncertainty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The greater the number of people disagreeing with a person’s position, the more … the context of the controversy.

A

competitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is step 5

A

Epistemic Curiosity and Perspective Taking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

T: An active search for more information in hope of resolving the uncertainty caused by conceptual conflict.

A

epistemic curiosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

which step is epistemic curiosity triggers

A

5 to response uncertainty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Indices of epistemic curiosity in an individual include actively …3

A

(a) searching for more information, (b) seeking to understand opposing positions and rationales, and (c) attempting to view the situation from opposing perspectives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is step 6

A

Reconceptualization, Synthesis, and Integration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

T: occurs when individuals integrate a number of different ideas and facts into a single position.

A

synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

T: knowledge is available only in degrees of certainty

A

probabilistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

T: there is only right and wrong and authority should not be questioned

A

dualistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

T: authorities are seen as sometimes right, but right and wrong depend on your perspective

A

relativistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what kind of thinking do you need for synthesis

A

probabilistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

6 steps of concurrence

A
  1. dominant position derived
  2. The Dominant Position Is Presented and Advocated 
  3. Being Confronted with the Demand to Concur and Conform
  4. Conflict Between Public and Private Positions
  5. Seeking Confirming Information
  6. public consensus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

how do controversy and concurrence seeking compare

A

tabel 8.3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Group decision making often goes wrong because …3`

A

alternatives are not considered carefully, minority opinions are silenced, and disagreement among members’ conclusions is suppressed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

controversy promotes what 5 things

A

high productivity and quality of decision making, creativity, task involvement, positive interpersonal relationships, and psychological health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

3 benefits of constructive controversy

A
  1. greater recall of reasoning behind positions
  2. more transference
  3. more generalizing to wider variety of situations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

is dissent good for groups

A

increase overall group preformance = deeper understanding of task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Can the advocacy of two conflicting but wrong solutions to a problem create a correct one?

A

yes through qua

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

T:A conflict not only cognitively motivating, but also one in which the resolution of the conflict is likely to be in the direction of correct performance.

A

qua

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Presenting immature children with … that conflicts with their initial position has been found to promote some cognitive growth, although not as much growth as when they receive correct information

A

erroneous information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The value of the controversy process lies not so much in the … of an opposing position as in the attention and thought processes it induces

A

correctness (aim for 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

how does controversy promote creativity 2

A
  1. view from Dif perspective

2. reformat to new orientation of a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what aids good argumentation= production

A

heterogeneity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

the connection between controversy and … is so strong

A

creativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

did controversy ever lead the correct position to be dropped for the erroneous one

A

Change tended to be unidirectional and nonreversible. Children who understood conservation did not adopt erroneous strategies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

controversy compared with individualistic efforts on the four components of moral development …4

A

higher levels of moral motivation, moral judgment, and moral character, as well as the more frequent mastery of a number of ethical skills.

60
Q

T: refers to the quality and quantity of the physical and psychological energy that individuals invest in their efforts to achieve.

A

task involvement

61
Q

which decision making group likes the task most

A

controversy

62
Q

why does controversy lead to more task involvement

A

commitment to problem

stimulation and enjoyment of process

63
Q

controversy also improves motivation to improve…

A

understanding

64
Q

how does contoroversy influence attitude change on the issue

A

more

65
Q

tabel 8.4

A

///

66
Q

Within controversy and debate there are elements of disagreement, argumentation, and rebuttal that can result in individuals disliking one another and can create difficulties in establishing good relationships

A

f greater liking

67
Q

how did controversy influence social support

A

promote more task and personal support (debate more than individual)

68
Q

controversy tends to result in such aspects of psychological health as higher levels of …3

A

task-oriented self-esteem, cognitive and moral reasoning, and perspective-taking accuracy. (then debate)

69
Q

perspective taking: Increased understanding of opposing perspectives tends to result from engaging in controversy only if high achieving group member

A

f whether one is a high-, medium-, or low-achieving group member

70
Q

why is perspective taking good for a group

A

enhance individuals’ ability to discover beneficial agreements in conflicts
2 when group members make comments that transform, extend, or summarize the reasoning of another person, more effective moral discussions tend to occur

71
Q

what is openmindedness in controversy hindered by

A

competitiveness (the increased understanding resulting from controversy tended to be ignored in favor of a defensive adherence to one’s own position)

72
Q

does controversy have good outcomes in all conditions

A

no

73
Q

4 elements that make or break controversy

A

context within which the controversy takes place, the heterogeneity of participants, the distribution of information among group members, the level of group members’ social skills, and group members’ ability to engage in rational argument

74
Q

There are two possible contexts for controversy: …

A

cooperative and competitive.

75
Q

what were the results of competitive vs cooperative controversy

A

competitive avoided it promoted close mindedness

cooperative reaching more integrated positions with synthesized info

76
Q

what social skills are required for effective controversy

A

most important skills is disagreeing with another person’s ideas while confirming the person’s competence

  1. perspective taking
  2. bringing out differences in positions mdi integration (cycle through many times)
  3. rationale argument
77
Q

5 elements facilitating constructive controversy

A

cooperative context

  1. heterogeneous participants
  2. relevant info distributed among part (more info the better)
  3. social skills
  4. rational argument
78
Q

through the use of constructive controversy, group members engage in …

A

inquiry-based advocacy

79
Q

T: is presenting a position and providing reasons why others should adopt it

A

advocacy

80
Q

T: is investigating an issue to establish the best answer or course of action; it involves asking questions and seeking to learn the necessary facts to answer the questions

A

inquiry

81
Q

… people do not inquire

A

Disinterested

82
Q

T: is two or more parties presenting opposing positions to investigate an issue and establish the underlying facts and logic needed to reach a reasoned judgment about the most desirable course of action.

A

inquiry based advocacy

83
Q

do members who are in the minority ever influence the majority?

A

yes!

84
Q

T: occurs when group members who are in the opinion minority persuade members in the opinion majority to change their opinion and agree with the minority

A

minority influence

85
Q

2 reasons its hard to have minority influence

A
  1. exert little social and normative pressure

2. opinions expressed rarely have other people on board which contributes to people thinking its valid

86
Q

minatory members should be rigid in their views so majority is influenced by them

A

f be willing to compromise but hold steady in views = consistent

87
Q

how are majority and minority influences different

A

Majorities induce compliance, especially public compliance. Minorities induce a conversion process.

88
Q

Majority members start with the assumption that the minority is not correct how is this changed

A

persistence suggests a complexity that stimulates a reappraisal of the situation, divergent thinking, the consideration of multiple perspectives, and a consideration of multiple sources of information and ways of thinking about the issue Over time, this reevaluation may lead people to shift their opinions

89
Q

T: that there is message processing only in a minority.

A

conversion theory

90
Q

3 steps of ensuring constructive controversy

A

propose several courses of action
2. form advocacy teams 3engage in controversy
4 implement decision

91
Q

6 steps in the controversy procedure

A
  1. advocacy teams researches position
  2. presents
  3. open discussion
  4. reverse poles
  5. synthesis
  6. review process
92
Q

what political system: He further believed that knowledge—not the social rank within which a person was born—is the basis of influence within society (need discussion)

A

democracy

93
Q

T: For individuals to be good citizens, they need to learn how to engage in collective decision making about community and societal issues

A

political discourse

94
Q

political education in U.S. schools is insufficient why

A

Students need to be educated for a “culture of argument”

95
Q

The combination of … and … has been used to teach elementary and secondary students in Armenia how to be citizens in a democracy

A

cooperative learning and constructive controversy

96
Q

… typically involves considering possible alternatives and choosing one

A

Decision making

97
Q

Within decision-making groups, conflict takes the form of …

A

controversy.

98
Q

Controversies tend to be constructive when the …5

A

situational context is cooperative, when there is some heterogeneity among group members, when information and expertise are distributed within the group, when members have the necessary conflict skills, and if the canons of rational argumentation are followed

99
Q

An essential aspect of controversy is the ..that is derived from the collision of adverse opinions.

A

creativity

100
Q

test your understanding

A

p 353

101
Q

what is the myth of creativity

A

Creativity tends to be social, interpersonal, not individual.

102
Q

what is creativity

A

is the process of bringing something new into existence

103
Q

7 overlapping phases of the creative process ?

A
  1. right level of motivation to work at a problem (intrinsic)
  2. gather knowledge and resources
  3. set cooperative context to reduce defensiveness (solution emerges)
  4. Challenge and dispute
  5. seek different perspectives to refine solution
  6. time to reflect= tension and frustration w not producing good solution
  7. formulate solution and implement in real world
104
Q

Creative insight usually depends on …2

A

(a) the availability of diverse information and viewpoints and (b) group members disagreeing and challenging one another’s reasoning and perspectives

105
Q

Creative insight often is accompanied by… of illumination and excitement and leads to the formulation of a tentative solution.

A

intense emotional experiences

106
Q

The combination of …2 motivation tends to generate the most perspective taking

A

intrinsic and prosocial

107
Q

After all sides of a controversy have been presented, group members should be allowed to think about solutions for a day or so before trying to put things together in new and varied patterns. what stage of creative process

A

6

108
Q

How do you increase group members’ creative thinking?4

A
  1. establish cooperative context
  2. promote conflict
  3. set aside time to reflect & encourage persistence
  4. take time to come to final decision
109
Q

They suggest four learnable methods of generating novel ideas: ..4

A

part changing, using a checkerboard figure, using a checklist, and finding something similar.

110
Q

T: involves group members in identifying the parts or attributes of something that might be changed.

A

part changing method

111
Q

T making a checkerboard figure with spaces for entering words or phrases on the vertical and horizontal axes

A

checkerboard method

112
Q

T: involves developing and using checklists to make sure that something is not left out or forgotten.

A

checklist method

113
Q

T: encouraging group members to come up with new ideas by thinking of other persons, animals, or social units in the world that perform the same acts the group wants to perform

A

find something similar method

114
Q

go over examples of these

A

p360

115
Q

three interrelated techniques for making the strange appear familiar and the familiar strangeT

A

synectics

116
Q

what are the three interrelated techniques for making the strange appear familiar and the familiar strange

A

personal analogy
direct analogy
compressed conflict

117
Q

T: in which individuals imagine how it feels to be part of the phenomenon being studied.

A

personal analogy

118
Q

T in which group members are asked to think about a parallel situation to gain insight into what they are studying.

A

direct analogy

119
Q

Asking them how they would feel if they were an incomplete sentence or if they were Paul Revere’s horse are examples.

A

personal analogy

120
Q

Asking them to give examples of repulsive attraction or cooperative competition are illustrations.

A

compressed conflict

121
Q

T Asking them to describe how a book is like a lightbulb or how a beaver chewing on a log resembles a typewriter are examples.

A

direct analogy

122
Q

T in which group members are forced to perceive an object or concept from two frames of reference.

A

compressed conflict

123
Q

A key element of creative problem solving is having the … to view the problem from diverse perspectives

A

open-mindedness

124
Q

what is open mindedness

A

they are willing to attend to, comprehend, and gain insight into information, ideas, perspectives, assumptions, beliefs, conclusions, and opinions different from their own.

125
Q

is an important requirement for creative problem solving.T

A

open-mindedness

126
Q

T is a relatively closed organization of beliefs and disbeliefs about reality that is organized around a central set of beliefs about absolute authority, which in turn provides a framework for intolerance toward others.

A

dogmatism

127
Q

9 things close minded groups are worse at ?

A
  1. less able to learn new beliefs and change old ones
  2. integrate new to old = slower problem solving
  3. less accepting of belief discrepant info
  4. resistant to changing beliefs
  5. reject threatening info
  6. less recall of info that doesn’t agree
  7. view confirming evidence more positively
  8. accept authority as true and low status as invalid
  9. resolve fewer conflicts
128
Q

The replacement of old beliefs with new beliefs is called the … of the problem-solving process.

A

analytic phase

129
Q

Once new beliefs have superseded the old ones, group members must organize their new beliefs in a way that leads them to the solution of the problem. This organizational step is called the … of the problem-solving process.

A

synthesizing phase

130
Q

The replacement of old beliefs that limit a group’s thinking with new beliefs that enable whole new orientations and perspectives depends on the old beliefs being …2

A

challenged and disconfirmed

131
Q

The replacement of old beliefs that limit a group’s thinking with new beliefs that enable whole new orientations and perspectives depends on the old beliefs being …2

A

challenged and disconfirmed

132
Q

… depends on developing divergent views that conflict with one another

A

Problem solving

133
Q

3 things brainstorming facilitates

A

(a) encourage divergent thinking, (b) produce many different ideas in a short period of time, and (c) ensure the full participation of all group members

134
Q

T: is a procedure in which group members are asked to produce as many, and as uninhibited, ideas as they possibly can and to withhold criticism to optimize creativity

A

brainstorming

135
Q

any criticism in brainstorming

A

no! noelval apprehension

136
Q

8 ground rules of brainstorming

A

Rule out all criticism or evaluation of ideas.

  1. expect wild ideas
  2. value the quantity of ideas not quality
  3. Build on the ideas of other group members when possible
  4. focus on single problem or issue
  5. Promote a congenial, relaxed, cooperative atmosphere. 
  6. Make sure that all members, no matter how shy and reluctant to contribute, get their ideas heard. 
  7. Record all ideas. 
137
Q

what’s the problems with brainstorming

A

Most research suggests that it is less effective than allowing the same number of people to generate ideas on their own, independent of any group experience

138
Q

why the lack of effective brainstorming

A

Production blocking reflects the group norm that only one person is to speak at a given time (still used lots)

139
Q

T: tend to jump around between categories in generating ideas

A

divergent thinkers (better than convergent)

140
Q

n promoting divergent thinking, what are the 2 critical factors

A

two critical factors are priming, to make a wide variety of categories accessible, and attention.

141
Q

T: is presenting a brainstormer with ideas from low-accessible categories.

A

priming

142
Q

are categories that reflect a person’s experiences, whereas … deal with concepts unrelated to a person’s experiences.

A

inaccessible categories vs accessible

143
Q

priming categories unlikely to be utilized by someone brainstorming on his or her own increases the group productivity.

A

t

144
Q

is the probability that an individual group member will use the current speaker’s ideas as the basis for generating his or her next idea

A

attention

145
Q

Priming by other members is effective only to the extent that group members pay …

A

attention to each other’s ideas

146
Q

is there such thing as creative people

A

There is reason to believe that there is no such thing as a creative person, only creative groups

414 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions