Chapter 10 Flashcards by Kate Healy

diversity among group members can result in harmful consequences

t ower achievement and productivity, closed-minded rejection of new information, increased egocentrism, and negative relationships characterized by hostility, rejection, divisiveness, scapegoating, bullying, stereotyping, prejudice, and racism

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the outcomes of diversity depend on your abilities to 8

recognize diversity as a valuable resource
build own identity
understand internal cognitive barriers
understand dynamics of intergroup conflict
understand social judgement process
create cooperative context
constructively manage conflict
internalize democratic learning

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Three major sources of diversity can be identified

demographic characteristics, personality characteristics, and abilities and skills

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T: includes culture, ethnicity, language, handicapping conditions, age, gender, social class, religion, and regional differences

democratic diversity

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T: such as age, gender, communication style, economic background, and so on

personal diversity

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both social and technical—they bring to the group. e.g. Experts from a variety of fields T

abilities and skills

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do all groups have a variety of skills

yes they must

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T: have objective standards for performance evaluation and require the proficient use of perceptual and motor skills

performance tasks (better when dissimilar)

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T: have objective standards for performance evaluation and require the proficient use of perceptual and motor skills

performance tasks (better when dissimilar)

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review table 10.2

…

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T: are problem-solving tasks with correct answers

intellective tasks

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heterogeneity doesn’t matter on intellective tasks

f helps having people of different backgrounds or abilities

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T: involve reaching a consensus about the best solution to a problem when the “correct” answer is not known

decision making tasks

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is hererogenity important for decision making tasks

more creative problems solving

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when were heterogeneity groups (open groups with interaction) function at a less optimal level

some studies say that but most support working on complex, nonroutine problems (a situation that requires some degree of creativity), groups are more effective when composed of individuals with diverse types of skills, knowledge, abilities, and perspectives

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the range of skills and abilities a group can access in its diverse members affects its performance on creative and decision-making tasks

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heterogeneity improves conflict

f can increase it

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how does demographic heterogeneity influence performance

no research on it (Heterogeneity of membership, both in personal characteristics and abilities and skills does facilitate)

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Impact of Group Composition on Outcomes: what are the 5 types of outcomes

conflict, cohesion, decision making, intellective and production tasks

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go over table 10.3

…

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number of barriers exist to interacting effectively with diverse peers : name 4

stereotyping, prejudice, the tendency to blame the victim, and cultural clashes.

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T: is defined as a belief that associates a whole group of people with certain traits

stereotype

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4 features of stereotypes

cognitive
reflect related beliefs not isolated info
describe attributes
shared by individuals of the group holding them

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2 steps to developing a stereotypes

they categorize by sorting single objects into groups rather than thinking of each one as unique. Second, they differentiate between ingroups and outgroups.

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T: People commonly assume that the members of outgroups are quite similar but recognize that the members of the ingroup they identify with are quite diverse

outgroup homogeneity effect

stereotyping can be an efficient cognitive system

t reduces cost expended for info (gain lots of info for little effort)

T they attribute negative behavior on the part of a minority-group member to dispositional characteristics

fundamental attribution error

4 ways stereotypes are perpetuated and protected

1. what we remember and perceive (expectation effect what we see and remember) 2. oversimplified picture of them 3. overestimate the similarity of behavior among outgroup members 4. scapegoating

The ... the outgroup, the more likely it is that oversimplifications occur.

larger

T: is a guiltless but defenseless group that is attacked to provide an outlet for another group’s pent-up anger and frustration.

scapegoat

problems for those being stereotyped against?

treated unfairly and may accept for themselves

T: The tendency for people to overestimate the association between variables that are only slightly correlated or not correlated at all

illusionary correlation

T: People tend to process information in ways that verify existing beliefs

confirmation bias

T: believing that most other people share your stereotypes

false consensus bias

Your stereotypes tend to be self-fulfilling. how?

Stereotypes can subtly influence intergroup interactions in such a way that the stereotype is behaviorally confirmed.

T: found that negative stereotypes about blacks’ intellectual ability created a “situational pressure” that distracted black students and depressed their academic performance

stereotype threat

can stereotypes be changed

yes through personal experience, energy put in and motivated to form accurate perception

T can be defined as an unjustified negative attitude toward a person based solely on that individual’s membership in a group other than one’s own

prejudice

T is the tendency to regard one’s own ethnic group, nation, religion, or culture as better or more “correct” than others

ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism often is perpetuated by ...

cultural conditioning (how we see things are right to fit into our culture and then see different as wrong )

T: is prejudice directed at people because of their race or ethnic membership

racism

does having racist thoughts make you a racist

When prejudice is acted on, it is ...

discrimination

what is discrimination

is an action taken to harm a group or any of its members

4 steps to stop stenotypes prejudice act ?

admit it ! 2. identify the stereotype and reflect and modify 3. idnentify actions " " 4. seek feedback

Blaming the Victim and Attribution Theory why does this happen

we assume its a just world

3 errors in making inferences

relying on small samples biased samples Underutilization of base-rate information

T People tend to pay more attention to a single concrete instance than to valid base-rate information, perhaps because the single concrete instance is vivid and salient and thus more compelling.

Underutilization of base-rate information

2 errors in cognitive heuristics

avalibilitiy and representativness heuristic

what is availability heuristic

Estimating the frequency of some event by the ease with which you can bring instances to mind. People tend to overestimate the frequency of events that are easy to remember.

T. Seeing how well the information matches some imagined average or typical person in the category; the closer the person is to the prototype, the more likely we are to judge the person to be in the category.

representativeness heuristic

3 problems with weighing info

positive or negative frame and post decision rationalization

People avoid risks and opt for the “sure thing.”

positive frame

what is negative frame

People take risks to avoid costs.

postdecision rationalization is what

The alternative chosen becomes more attractive and the alternatives not chosen become less desirable.

So what happens when situations appear to be unjust?

1. blame victim

why does blaming the victim occur

we try to find a cause for events

T This process of explaining or inferring the causes of events has been termed

causal attribution

when do we start making attributions

early in life

dimension of attributions: what if its internal and stable

ability

internal and unstable

effort

external and stable

difficulty

external and unstable

luck

People make causal attributions to explain their ...

successes and failures (often self serving)

attribute academic failure to lack of ability, it can eventually lead to ....(the feeling that no amount of effort can lead to success)

learned helplessness

do attributions change how hard we work

yes

Teacher sympathy for failure tends to be interpreted as indicating ... whereas teacher anger toward failure seems to be interpreted as indicating ..

low ability | low effort.

is a conflict over basic values that occurs among individuals from different cultures

culture clash

most common culture clash

The most common form occurs when members of minority groups question the values of the majority.

Common reactions by majority-group members when their values are being questioned are feeling..3

threatened confused enhanced

explain how you can respond with enhancement

Their responses include heightened anticipation, awareness, and positive actions that lead to solving the problem.

can cultural clashes be good

yes enhancing

4 things that must be done so groups can capitalize on their differences

1. ensure high positive interdepedance 2. create subordinate group identity 3. personal relationships = understanding of differences 4. clarify miscoms

consistent set of attitudes that defines “who you are”

personal identity

4 subidentities?

gender, religious, ethnic and cultural

4 steps to having parts act as a whole

1. I respect, appreciate, and value my religious, ethnic, and cultural background. 2. "" others 3superordinate identity as American 4 I have pluralistic values

what are pluralistic values

I value democracy, freedom, liberty, equality, justice, the rights of individuals, and the responsibilities of citizenship. (several values that may be correct)

critical aspect of developing a historical, cultural, and ethnic identity is whether ... is inherent in one’s definition of oneself.

ethnocentricity

you can either act .... about how to act appropriately within many different cultures and perspectives; they are courteous, well-mannered, and refined

sophpistocated

the oppositve of sophistocated is ...

provincial (knowing how to act appropriately only within their narrow perspective)

3 things you need to gain sophistocation

actual interaction, trust and cantor

how does one act with candor

be candid openly discussing their personal opinions, feelings, and reactions with you.

T: conscious and unconscious reinforcement of stereotypic attitudes, behaviors, and prevailing norms. (made worse through provincial)

collude

People collude with discriminatory practices and prejudiced actions through... 4

ignorance, silence, denial, and active support

To communicate effectively with people from different cultural, ethnic, social class, and historical backgrounds, you must increase your... 2

language sensitivity | Awareness of stylistic elements of communication

Your ability to communicate with credibility to diverse peers is closely linked to your use of ...

language (sophistocated)

Diversity among members is advantageous, but it is not easy to manage. what are the downfalls

Heterogeneity in groups also increases the difficulty of developing cohesive relationships among members and increases the potential for conflicts among members.

3 main The most notable barriers to positive diversity

are prejudice, blaming the victim, and culture clash.

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