Chapter 1 Flashcards
1
Q
how is our personal identity derived
A
through the way we are perceived and treated by other members of our groups
2
Q
3 reasons groups are important
A
we are small group beings
we live in groups
groups add to quality of life
3
Q
4 types of groups
A
pseudo
traditional
effective
high preformance
4
Q
5 stages of group development?
A
forming, norming, storming, performing, adjourning
5
Q
figure 1.1 review
A
?
6
Q
WHAT ARE GROUP dynamics
A
the area of social science that focuses on advancing group life. It is the scientific study of the nature of groups, behavior in groups, group development, and the interrelations between groups and individuals, other groups, and larger entities
7
Q
I suggest different ways of making decisions (such as majority vote or consensus) depending on the … what 3 things
A
(a) availability of time and resources, (b) size and seriousness of the decision, and (c) amount of member commitment needed to implement the decision.
8
Q
how does goals define a group
A
a number of people joined together to achieve a goal
9
Q
how does interdependence define the group
A
a collection of people that are interdependent in some way. not a group unless a event that effects one of them effects them all
10
Q
what is interdepeendance definition of group
A
people who share a common fate in the sense that an event which affects one member is likely to affect all.
11
Q
how does interpersonal interaction define group
A
a number of people who are interacting with one another
12
Q
how does perceptions of membership define group
A
two or more persons who perceive themselves as belonging to a group: have a collective perception of their unity and who have the ability to act and/or are acting in a unitary manner toward their environment.
13
Q
how does structured relationships define a group
A
a collection of individuals whose interactions are structured by a set of roles and norms.
14
Q
A social-psychological group is an organized system of two or more individuals who are interrelated so that the system performs some function, has a standard set of role relationships among its members, and has a set of norms that regulate the function of the group and each of its members.” what kind of def?
A
structured relationship definition
15
Q
“A group is a social unit which consists of a number of individuals who stand in (more or less) definite status and role relationships to one another and which possesses a set of values or norms of its own regulating the behavior of individual members, at least in matters of consequence to the group.
A
structured group
16
Q
how does mutual influence define?
A
collection of people who influence one another
17
Q
how does motivation define?
A
A group may be defined as a collection of individuals who are trying to satisfy some personal need through their joint association
18
Q
“It is questionable that a group could exist unless its members’ needs are satisfied by their membership
A
motivation
19
Q
what are the 7 definitions of group
A
motivation, perception, influence, goal, structured, interaction, interdependence
20
Q
number of persons or things regarded as forming a unit on account of any kind of mutual or common relation or classified together on account of a common degree of similarity.”
A
Oxford
21
Q
what is a small group
A
2 plus people in face 2 face interaction, each aware of their positive interdependence as they strive to achieve mutual goals, each aware of his or her membership in the group, and each aware of the others who belong to the group
22
Q
groups are contrasted with…
A
aggregates
23
Q
define aggregate
A
is a collection of individuals who are present at the same time and place but who do not form a unit or have a common degree of similarity
24
Q
e.g. of aggregates?
A
Individuals standing on a street corner, the members of an audience at a play, and students listening to a lecture are aggregates
25
can you have groups without interaction?
yes those are large groups
26
how does the group orientation vs the individual orientation perspective of group differ (short answer def in textbook page 9
They believe that when people come together as a group, they form a new social entity with its own rules, attitudes, beliefs, and practices.
I: groups do not think, feel, or act—only people do without individuals groups do not exist
27
T: a group mind or collective consciousness dominated an individual’s will in many situations
group orientation
28
T: groups are no more than (a) shared sets of values, ideas, thoughts, and habits that exist simultaneously in the minds of several persons or (b) the sum of the actions of each member taken separately
individual orientation
29
... characterized by face-to-face interaction, interdependence, and strong group identification such as families and very close friends) are the building blocks of society
small primary groups (small groups
30
do we need groups
Each of these living conditions depends on cooperative efforts of group work for its success. In fact, our ability to function effectively in groups may be the reason humans exist today. This ability certainly played a large role in the manner humans developed.
31
how did humans overtake the neanderthals
It may have mainly been a matter of attrition and population pressure. met up in Europe. we flourished they vanished 30 000 years ago
32
how did neanderthals hunt
direct combat (only used stone as tools)
33
the ...is the toughest institution humans have
family however the structure of the family keeps changing
34
what makes businesses viable today
their ability to work in small groups and produce results
35
knowledge of group dynamics is central to... 5
edu, family, effective businesses, psychological health,
36
how does it influence edu
cooperative learning = higher achievement and psycho health
37
are young people today suffering?
are experiencing much more depression, feeling hopeless, giving up, being passive, having low self-esteem, and committing suicide
38
how can groups help depression?
GROUP THERAPY is better treatment. Networks of friends and family, group activities, and other types of productive group interaction can help people feel more connected to the world around them, making them less depressed and anxious
39
When it comes to group functioning, knowledge does give power. is this enough for success
social skills also required
40
The nature of group structure
The relationship between group structure and group productivity
How the dynamics of the group determine its effectiveness
The ways groups develop over time
?
41
what basic features characterize all groups 6
a purpose that defines the territory of the group and binds the members together, a definable pattern of communication among members, different members performing different functions that fit into an overall division of labor, procedures for managing conflicts, expectations concerning acceptable and unacceptable behavior by group members, and the adaptation of the group to the organization, society, and culture within which it is based.
42
when does a group structure develop
whenever two or more individuals join together to achieve a goal, a group structure develops
43
Two aspects of group interaction are especially important to understanding how a group is structured
differentiated roles and integrating norms
44
what are Roles
Expectations defining the appropriate behavior of an occupant of a position toward other related positions
45
what are norms
Common beliefs regarding group members’ appropriate behavior, attitudes, and perceptions; rules, implicit or explicit, that regulate the behavior of group members
46
e.g. of roles
President, vice president, secretary; summarizer, recorder
47
e.g. of norms
Promptness, courtesy, reciprocity, responsibility
48
.... differentiate the responsibilities of group members, whereas ... integrate members’ efforts into a unified whole.
roles, norms
49
define role
a set of expectations governing the appropriate behavior of an occupant of a position toward occupants of other related positions.
50
is conforming to role reqs a good thing
will be rewarded instead of punished
51
can you have one role without other people abiding by their roles?
no roles are complementary so one can not be preformed without the other e.g. teach and student
52
The expectations that define a role include rights and obligations; the ... of one role are the ... of other roles
obligations, rights
53
what is a role conflict
Within a group, expectations of the obligations that accompany a particular role can conflict
54
e.g. of role conflict
What a principal and what students expect from a teacher, for example, can be contradictory.
55
2 ways role conflicts can occur?
conflicting interests or when the demands of one role are incompatible with the demands of another role
56
what is status 3
the degree to which an individual’s contribution is crucial to the success and prestige of the group, how much power and control over outcomes that individual has, and the extent to which the person embodies some idealized or admired characteristic (such as being physically attractive)
57
how is status often determined 3
physical dominance, wealth, edu
58
status and power always go hand in hand t or f
f
59
They found that an individual having high status and high power in an organization results in an enhanced self-perception that leads to altruistic behavior but .... On the other hand, when an individual has high status but low power in an organization that rewards high power, he or she engages in ... behaviour
```
disdain for the worker
selfish behavior (usually by deviating from the prescribed norms to increase his or her own rewards) but has respect for the workers.
```
60
how does status influence the group
High-status individuals are likely to be valued by the group and treated more tolerantly. These group members, therefore, often are less affected by group norms and peer pressure than are lower-status members. less likely to expect punishment. more influence
61
define norms
are rules, either implicit or explicit, established by groups to regulate the behavior of all members. a group are the group’s common beliefs regarding appropriate behavior, attitudes, and perceptions for its members
62
do all groups have norms
yes but can be formal or informal
63
is a norm always related to all people in the group
no some norms specify the behavior expected of all group members, and others apply only to individuals in specific roles.
64
how does the importance of norms vary
Norms that have a low effect on the objectives and values of the group usually allow for a greater range of behavior and bring less severe pressures for members to conform than do norms more relevant to group functioning
65
For a group norm to influence a person’s behavior, what 3 things must happen
the person must recognize that it exists, be aware that other group members accept and follow the norm, and accept and follow it himself or herself.
66
how do norms change for members over time
At first a person may conform to a group norm because the group typically rewards conforming behavior and punishes nonconforming behavior. Later the person may internalize the norm and conform to it automatically, even when no other group members are present.
67
norms are imposed on a group
f they develop out of the interaction among group members.
68
a group that people identify with, compare their attitudes to, and use as a means of evaluating those attitudes.:T
reference group
69
what is a reference group
a group that people identify with, compare their attitudes to, and use as a means of evaluating those attitudes.
70
we have developed a ... to clarify the difference between ineffective and effective groups
group performance curve
71
The purpose of the curve is to illustrate that the productiveness of any small group depends on ...
how the group is structured
72
4 types of group on the curve?
pseudo group, traditional work group, effective group and high performance group
73
what is a pseudo group
is a group whose members have been assigned to work together but who have no interest in doing so. they are actually competing
74
review figure 1.2
?
75
why is the performance level of pseudo groups so poor
The result is that the sum of the whole is less than the potential of the individual members. In other words, members would be more productive if they were working alone.
76
what is a traditional work group
a group whose members are assigned to work together and accept that they have to do so
77
how do the individuals view their teamwork in trad group work
Members believe that they will be evaluated and rewarded as individuals, not as members of the group (not a lot of joint work)
78
is the sum of the whole better than its parts for trad groups
the loafers get a free ride The result is that the sum of the whole is more than the potential of some of the members, but the more hard-working and conscientious members would perform better if they worked alone
79
what is an effective group
more than the sum of its parts. It is a group whose members commit themselves to maximizing their own and one another’s success. Members are assigned to work together, and they are happy to do so. They believe their success depends on the efforts of all group members
80
defining characteristics of effective work groups? 3
positive interdependence that unites members to achieve clear operational goals, two-way communication, distributed leadership, and power based on expertise (group members are allowed to challenge decisions
81
what is a high performance group
meets all the criteria for an effective group and outperforms all reasonable expectations, given its membership. What differentiates a high-performance group from an effective group is the level of commitment members have to one another and to the group’s success
82
A group in which members work together to accomplish shared goals. Members perceive that they can reach their goals if and only if the other group members also reach their goals.
effective group
83
A group whose members have been assigned to work together but who have no interest in doing so. The structure promotes competition at close quarters.
pseudo group
84
A group that meets all the criteria for being an effective group and outperforms all reasonable expectations, given its membership.
high performance group
85
A group whose members agree to work together but see little benefit from doing so. The structure promotes individualistic work with talking.
traditional
86
a group must do three things:
maintain good working relationships among members; and adapt to changing conditions in the surrounding organization, society, and world achieve its goals;
87
what should group goals be and do
Establish Clear, Operational, and Relevant Group Goals that Create Positive Interdependence and Evoke a High Level of Commitment from Every Member
88
what does it mean for goals to be clear, relevant and operational
goals must be stated clearly so that all members understand the nature of the goals. In addition, goals must be operational so that members understand how to achieve them. Goals also must be relevant to members’ needs, so that they commit themselves to achieving the goals.
89
write out the guidelines for creating effective groups
table 1.1
90
Match the method of decision making with the ...3
(a) availability of time and resources, (b) size and seriousness of the decision, and (c) amount of member commitment needed to implement decisions.
91
what is usually the most effective way to make decisions
consensus
92
Establish Effective Two-Way Communication by Which Group Members Communicate Their ideas
Ideas and Feelings Accurately and Clearly
93
what is communication
the basis for all human interaction and group functioning, and it is especially important when groups of people are working toward a common goal
94
why communicate in a group
exchange information and transmit meaning
95
All members of a group are responsible for providing ...
leadership
96
why is shared leadership of benefit
ensure that all members are invested in the group’s work, committed to implementing the group’s decisions, and satisfied with their membership. Shared leadership and participation also enable the group as a whole to use the resources of every individual, thereby increasing the cohesiveness of the group`
97
In effective groups, members’ power is based on ...3`, not on authority or personality characteristics
expertise, ability, and access to information
98
does everyone in a group need to have power of influence
yes to some degree
99
go over table 1.2
?
100
what does consensus decision making do that's good 6
promotes distributed participation, the equalization of power, constructive controversy, cohesion, involvement, and commitment
101
Engage in Constructive Controversy by Disagreeing and Challenging One Another’s Conclusions and Reasoning, why
thus Promoting Creative Decision Making and Problem Solving, promote involvement, commitment to implementing decisions made
102
ensure that minority and dissenting opinions receive serious discussion and consideration is a benefit to what group guideline
Engage in Constructive Controversy by Disagreeing and Challenging One Another’s Conclusions and Reasoning, thus Promoting Creative Decision Making and Problem Solving
103
Conflicts of interest may result from ...3
incompatible needs or goals, scarce resources, and competitiveness
104
Five basic strategies can be used to manage conflicts of interest?
: withdrawal, forcing (win–lose negotiations), smoothing, compromise, and problem solving (integrative negotiations)
105
When problem-solving negotiations fail, ... may occur
mediation
106
can conflicts of interest ever be good?
yes can increase group effectiveness
107
ecurring-phase theory stated that groups focus on three basic themes ...
of dependency on the leader, pairing among members for emotional support, and fight-flight reactions to a threat to the group
108
what do recurring phase theories focus on
theories focus on the issues that dominate group interaction again and again
109
recurring: group development occurs as members concern themselves with three issues: ....
affection, inclusion, and control.
110
Sequential-stage theories discuss the ...
typical order of the phases of group development
111
seq: what are the predictable, sequential stages of membership:
prospective member, new member, full member, marginal member, and ex-member
112
what are the 6 stages of a famous version of sequential stage theory
stage is discontent, when individuals feel that their present group(s) are not meeting their needs. The second stage is a precipitating event that brings members together. Members begin to identify with the group in the third stage. In the fourth stage, attention turns to group productivity. In the fifth stage, attention shifts to the individual group member, who negotiates with the group to expand task efforts to meet personal goals. In the sixth and final stage, the group begins to disintegrate.
113
famous five stags of seq stage theory
five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.
114
forming stage ?
is a period of uncertainty in which members try to determine their place in the group and the procedures and rules of the group.
115
storming stage ?
as members resist the influence of the group and rebel against accomplishing the task. Members often confront their various differences, and conflict management becomes the focus of attention
116
norming stage, ?
the group establishes some consensus regarding a role structure and group norms for appropriate behavior. Cohesion and commitment increase
117
performing stage, ?
the group members become proficient in working together to achieve the group’s goals and more flexible in patterns of working together
118
?adjourning stage
The group disbands in the
119
what was added to tuckamsn 5 stages and why
his studies only had passive leaders
120
what are the revised 7 stages to tuck mans seq stage theory
(a) defining and structuring procedures, (b) conforming to procedures and getting acquainted, (c) recognizing mutuality and building trust, (d) rebelling and differentiating, (e) committing to and taking ownership for the goals, procedures, and other members, (f) functioning maturely and productively, and (g) terminating
121
what happens during defining and structuring procedures
the coordinator should define the procedures to be used, define the group’s goals, establish the interdependence among members, and generally organize the group and announce the beginning of the group’s work.
122
what happens during conforming to procedures and getting acquainted
goals and procedures of the group are the coordinator’s. The group members conform to the prescribed procedures and interact with one another, but they are not committed personally to the group’s goals and each other.
123
The coordinator should also stress the following group norms: during the aquatinting phase
(a) take responsibility for one’s own performance and the performance of the other members of the group; (b) provide help and assistance to other members; (c) respond to other members in an accepting, supportive, and trustworthy way; (d) make decisions through consensus; and (e) confront and solve problems in group functioning.
124
what happens during Recognizing Mutuality and Building Trust phase
Members begin to take responsibility for one another’s performance and appropriate behavior. Trust is built through disclosing one’s thoughts, ideas, conclusions, and feelings and having the other group members respond with acceptance, support, and reciprocation of the disclosures.
125
7 roles of the coordinator?
Introduce, define, and structure the group.
Clarify procedures, reinforce members for conforming to the procedures, and help members become acquainted.
Emphasize and highlight the positive interdependence among group members, and encourage them to engage in both trusting and trustworthy behaviors.
Accept the rebellion by and differentiation among group members as a normal process. Use integrative negotiations to help members establish their independence from one another and the prescribed procedures.
Help members commit themselves to and take ownership for the group’s goals and procedures.
Be a consultant to the group, providing resources for the group to function effectively.
Signal termination, and help the members move on to future groups.
126
what happens during rebelling and differentiating
group members rebelling against the coordinator and procedures and differentiating themselves from one another through disagreements and conflicts.
127
how should coordinator respond to rebelling phase 4
(a) do not tighten control and try to force conformity to prescribed procedures; (b) confront and problem-solve when students become counterdependent and rebellious; (c) mediate conflicts among members, helping the group establish members’ autonomy and individuality; and (d) work toward student ownership of the procedures and commitment to one another’s success.
128
what happens during Committing to the Group’s Goals and Procedures
dependence on the coordinator is replaced by dependence on the other members of the group, and conformity to the prescribed procedures is replaced by personal commitment to the collaborative nature of the experience.
129
As the group achieves .3.., a group identity emerges
maturity, autonomy, and productivity
130
review figure 1.3
?
131
do all groups meet functioning maturely and productively stage
no
132
how long does it take groups to move through the stages
depends on the group
133
what are the two perspectives for understanding group development? are they contradictory
no and recurring vs sequential
134
what are the 8 rules for constructive controversy
I am critical of ideas, not individuals. I challenge and refute the ideas of the opposing pair, but I do not indicate that I personally reject the members of the pair.
I focus on reaching the best decision possible, not on “winning.” I remember that we are all in this together.
I encourage everyone to participate and to master all the relevant information.
I listen to everyone’s ideas, even if I don’t agree.
I paraphrase or restate what someone has said if it is not clear to me.
I first bring out all the ideas and facts supporting both sides, and then I try to put them together in a way that makes sense.
I try to understand both sides of the issue.
I change my mind when the evidence indicates that I should do so.
135
9 reasons groups are good for humans?
page 33
136
8 reasons groups are not good for humans?
page 33
137
what is a theory
identifies the characteristics of effective groups, research validates or disconfirms the theories, and practical procedures based on the validated theory are implemented in the “real world” to see if they work
138
how does theory interact w research
guides and summarizes research then research validates or disconfirms theory, thereby leading to its refinement and modification
139
what is the practice component of theory, research practice interaction
Practice is guided by validated theory, and practical applications of the theory reveal inadequacies that lead to refining of the theory, conducting new research studies, and modifying the application
140
when did the field of group dynamics come into existence
is a twentieth-century, North American development in response to trying to improve democracy
141
The field of group dynamics, therefore, is the common property of all the social sciences.
??
142
Searching for ways to strengthen democracy, a new group of specialists called ....
social psychologists
143
what did social psychologists try to do at this time 2
(a) developed experimental methods of studying group dynamics and (b) began to conduct studies of group discussion, group productivity, attitude change, and leadership
144
2 movements in group research ?
The first movement was the scientific study of group dynamics.
The second movement was the application of group dynamics theory and research to develop methods for training leaders and group members in the social skills needed to promote effective functioning of democratic groups.
145
Are individuals or groups more productive on problem-solving and decision-making tasks?
groups
146
**The descendants of this tradition include the research on social interdependence (e.g., Deutsch, 1962; Johnson & Johnson, 1989, 2005a), jury decision making (e.g., Kerr et al., 1976), minority influence in groups (e.g., Moscovici, 1985a), conformity (e.g., Asch, 1951), and group polarization (e.g., Myers, 1978).
?
147
the Bennington study laid the foundation for the study of...
reference groups
148
when did social psychology trend to the individual
1950s
149
page 35 to 40... need to know?
?
150
are online groups real groups
yes
151
groups are based on the time members spend interacting with each other; more and more of group time is going to be ...
online
152
how does online change barriers into groups
electronic media offer the opportunity to expand the number of a person’s groups very quickly and very easily
153
In many ways, ... is enhanced by the Internet and online groups.
cooperation
154
... is less relevant in Internet groups
personal geography
155
why do online groups aid cooperation and constructive conflict
cooperation and constructive conflict are enhanced by diverse perspectives and resources, the quality of cooperation and constructive conflict can be considerably enhanced by Internet groups.
156
how is the limited membership of face to face aided by online groups
t is easy to interact with lots of people simultaneously on the Internet
157
The speed at which communication can take place will enhance ...
cooperation
158
online: In competitive and individualistic situations, ... tends to be avoided, and trust tends to be low.
communication
159
in online groups, people primarily know a person through ...
what the person discloses about him- or herself.
160
online groups can be highly positive and fulfilling is this always the case
no But the vast majority of online groups seem to be quite positive, resulting in laughter, good humor, cheerfulness, joy, and fun. Such behaviors reflect positive groups.
161
material posted on the Internet spreads rapidly and widely. That means people have to be more concerned about ...2
(a) what they post on the Internet and (b) their privacy in public and face-to-face groups
162
online groups focus attention on what 3 things
ethics, manners, and values
163
Group dynamics is ...
the scientific study of behavior in groups
164
what is a small group generally 4 `
a small group is two or more individuals in face-to-face interaction, each aware of their positive interdependence as they strive to achieve mutual goals, each aware of his or her membership in the group, and each aware of the others who belong to the group
165
All groups have a basic structure that includes ... and ...
roles and norms
166
Group productivity depends on five basic elements ...
(positive interdependence, individual accountability, promotive interaction, appropriate use of social skills, group processing
167
To be effective, groups members have to ...5
(a) ensure each other’s commitment to clear mutual goals that highlight members’ interdependence, (b) ensure accurate and complete communication among members, (c) provide leadership and appropriate influence, (d) flexibly use decision-making procedures that ensure all alternative courses of action receive a fair and complete hearing and that each other’s reasoning and conclusions are challenged and critically analyzed, and (e) resolve their conflicts constructively.
