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Soc 210 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Dating Prior to WW1

A

Chaperoned

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2
Q

Dating 1950s

A

See changes in dating, but still formalized

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3
Q

Dating Now

A

Egalitarian approach, informal, lack clear vocabulary

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4
Q

Cohabitation

A

Living with a romantic partner but not in a legal marriage

*Very rare before the 1960s when it was highly stigmatized

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5
Q

Cohabitation (present day)

A
  1. 4% of youth aged 20-34 are currently cohabiting

- Most common first union rather than marriage

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6
Q

Why cohabit?

A
  • Alternative to being single, shared expenses
  • trial marriage
  • step in the marriage process
  • long term alternative to marriage
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7
Q

Marriage

A

Socially and legally recognized relationship that includes sexual, economic and social rights and responsibilities

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8
Q

Trends in contemporary marriage

A

Decline in marriage rates, but marriage still very common

*Tendency to marry later in life (31 men, 28 women)

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9
Q

Same sex marriage

A

0.8% of all couples

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10
Q

Who marries whom?

A
  • Declining age gap between husbands and wives, but wives typically younger
  • More racial exogamy, but still only around 5% of couples are of different races/ethnicities
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11
Q

Childbirth (present day)

A
  • Average age of motherhood rising
  • Rates of teenage pregnancy declining
  • More children born outside legal marriage
  • More multiple partner fertility
  • More non-biological children
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12
Q

Lower Fertility Rates

A
  • Young adults postponing marriage and parenthood, desiring fewer children
  • childlessness/choosing to be child-free more common
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13
Q

Percentage of childlessness

A

7% don’t want kids

15% end up not having kids

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14
Q

Centuries of Childhood (Phillipe Aries)

A

Argues the concept of childhood did not exist before the 18th century
*Children in the 17th and 18th century started work very early and sometimes left families to contribute income

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15
Q

Childhood (historically)

A

Children’s usefulness of labourers decreased

  • new industrial workplaces need more skilled workers
  • Growing concern for child safety
  • Children lost their economic value, gained new emotional value
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16
Q

Socialization

A

Process by which a society passes on its behaviour patterns, attitudes and values and knowledge to the next generation
- Complex process that allows an individual to develop a self-identity, the skills needed to prepare for new roles and to function effectively in a given society

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17
Q

Agents of Socialization (parents)

A

one of the most significant roles in the socialization of their children

18
Q

Agents of Socialization (Daycare)

A
  • Increase need for child care

- 54% of parents with children aged 4 or younger used some type of care

19
Q

Agents of Socialization (Private Childcare)

A
  • Sometimes nannies are foreign domestic workers
  • “family-like”
  • Emotional labour
  • Unique working conditions
  • Complex relations with parents and children
20
Q

Agents of Socialization (Siblings)

A

Older siblings especially

21
Q

Religion

A

Influences gender roles, parent-child relationships, attitudes towards moral issues

22
Q

Agents of Socialization (mass media)

A
  • Educational programming shown to have great benefits
23
Q

Agents of Socialization (Peer group/friends)

A

sports or other extracurricular activities

24
Q

Socialization life course

A

Socialization is a lifelong process

- different institutions become important socializing agents at different points of the life course

25
Q

Learning/Behaviourist Frame of Reference (Socialization)

A

Assumes the same concepts and principles that apply to animals apply to humans

26
Q

Operant/instrumental conditioning

A

Focuses on the response, not related to any known stimuli

- Learn to make a response on basis of outcome that response produces

27
Q

Psychoanalytic Frame of Reference

A
  • Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
  • Stresses the importance of biological drives and unconscious processes
  • Each individual has repressed unconscious, parents responsible for “impulse taming”
28
Q

Freud Stages of Development

A
  1. Oral
  2. Anal
  3. Phallic
  4. Latency
  5. Genital Phase
29
Q

Child Development Frames of Reference

A

Focus social structure and reasoning (Erikson and Piaget)

30
Q

Erickson

A

Socialization is a life long process

- Eight stages of human development

31
Q

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

A
  1. trust vs. Mistrust (0-18mnths)
  2. Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (18mnths-3yrs)
  3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5yrs)
  4. Industry vs. Inferiority (5-13 yrs)
  5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (13-21yrs)
  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (21-39 yrs)
  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 yrs)
  8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65+)
32
Q

Piaget

A

Children develop cognitive abilities through interaction with the world and adaptation to environment
- 4 cumulative stages of intellectual development

33
Q

4 Cumulative stages of intellectual development (Piaget)

A
  1. Sensorimotor period (0-2)
  2. Pre-operational period (2-7)
  3. Concrete Operational Period (7-11)
  4. Formal Operational Period (11-adulthood)
34
Q

Symbolic Interactionist Frame of Reference

A
  • Socialization viewed as lifelong process

* Emphasis on interactions with others

35
Q

Symbolic Interactionist Assumptions

A
  • Humans must be studied on their own level
  • Ana analysis of society is the most valuable method of understanding society
  • At birth, the human infant is asocial
  • A socialization being is an actor as well as a reactor
  • Social self developed through interaction with others
  • Important role of significant others and reference groups
36
Q

Attachment theory

A

Is based on the premise that a strong attachment to a warm, loving, and responsive mother is necessary for a child’s emotional, psychological and cognitive development

37
Q

Childhood as a social construct

A

Refers to how social understanding about what children experience, what they need, and what is expected of them in larger society varies by time and location

38
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Is rooted in learning theory and links a known response to a stimulus

39
Q

Generalized other

A

Is the internalized moral “self” and the social controls that the individual develops from interacting with significant others

40
Q

Ideology of motherhood

A

Is the belief system that women are naturally suited to take on the primary responsibility for the care and nurturance of children

41
Q

Significant others

A

Are those individuals or role models who take on special importance to children, such as parents, other relatives, friends or TV heroes

Soc 210 (12 decks)

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