Chapter 8

Question 1

Language

Answer 1

communication system consisting of sounds, morphemes, words, and rules for combining all of these.

Question 2

Inateness Hypothesis

Answer 2

Humans are genetically predisposed to learn and use language

Question 3

Linguistic universals

Answer 3

basic features shared by all languages

Question 4

Universal Grammar

Answer 4

the theoretically inborn set of structural characteristics shared by all languages

Question 5

Homesign

Answer 5

Gestures made up in the home, when signed language is not available. Extremely limited and without grammar

Question 6

Idioma de Signos Nicaragense (ISN)

Answer 6

A complete created language by two to three generations of students. “evidence” of the innateness of language.

Question 7

Imitation Theory

Answer 7

Language acquisition theory that children learn language by listening to the speech around them and reproducing what they hear.

Question 8

Reinforcement Theory

Answer 8

Children learn to speak like adults because they are praised, rewarded, or otherwise reinforced when they use the right forms and are corrected when they use the incorrect forms.

Question 9

Active Construction of a Grammar Theory

Answer 9

Children invent the rules of grammar themselves

Question 10

Connectionist theories

Answer 10

Assume that children learn language by creating neural connections in the brain. The child develops such connections through exposure to language by using language. (Bottle example)

Question 11

Social Interaction Theory

Answer 11

Assumes that children acquire language through social interaction, with older children and adults in particular.

Question 12

Child-directed speech

Answer 12

slow and high-pitched and contains many repetitions, simplified syntax, exaggerated intonation, and a simple and concrete vocabulary

Question 13

High Amplitude Sucking

Answer 13

infants are given a special pacifier that is connected to a sound-generating system. Each suck on the pacifier generates a noise, and infants learn quickly that their sucking produces the noise.

Question 14

High Amplitude Sucking (HAS)

Answer 14

infants are given a special pacifier that is connected to a sound-generating system. Each suck on the pacifier generates a noise, and infants learn quickly that their sucking produces the noise.

Question 15

Conditioned Head-Turn procedure (HT)

Answer 15

Experimental technique usually used with infants between five and eighteen months with two phases: conditioning and testing. During the conditioning phase, the infant learns to associate a change in sound with the activation of visual reinforcers, first presented at the same time and then in succession, such that the infant begins to anticipate the appearance of the visual reinforcers and look at them before they are activated. During the testing phase, when the infant looks to the visual reinforcers immediately after a change in sound, it suggests that the infant has perceived the change in sound, thereby demonstrating the ability to discriminate between the two sounds involved.

Question 16

VOT: Voice Onset time

Answer 16

The length of time between the release of a consonant and the onset of voicing, that is, when the vocal folds start vibrating.

Question 17

babble

Answer 17

producing sequences of vowels and consonants if they are acquiring spoken language, or producing hand movements if they are acquiring signed language.

Question 18

Repeated/canonical babbling

Answer 18

starts around the age of seven to ten months. The continual repetition of syllables helps the infant practice a sequence of consonant and vowel sounds. (mamamama)

Question 19

variegated babbling

Answer 19

10-12 months. infant strings together different syllables as in [buɡɑbimo].

Question 20

One-word stage

Answer 20

First stage in morphological acquisition usually involves the child producing single words in isolation. Typically around 1 yrs old

Question 21

holophrastic stage

Answer 21

One word sentence. Not just saying one word, they can be inquiring, making a statement, asking a question, showing empathy.

Question 22

Two-word stage

Answer 22

Stage in first-language acquisition at which children produce two-word utterances in addition to one-word utterances.

Question 23

Telegraphic Stage

Answer 23

A phase during child language acquisition in which children use utterances composed primarily of content words.

Question 24

Overgeneralization

Answer 24

In the study of child language acquisition, a relationship between child and adult application of rules relative to certain contexts: a process in which children extend the application of linguistic rules to contexts beyond those in the adult language.

Question 25

Overgeneralization

Answer 25

In the study of child language acquisition, a relationship between child and adult application of rules relative to certain contexts: a process in which children extend the application of linguistic rules to contexts beyond those in the adult language. Plural of Man, becomes Mans-es

Question 26

Irregular plural

Answer 26

When a child may say men instead of man, using forms that adults use but hey are unaware it doesn’t mean the same thing.

Question 27

Negative sentence stages

Answer 27

1. Put the word no in front of a sentence to negate its meaning. No baby sleep.
2. Insert a negative word between the subject and verb: baby no sleep
3. Uses words such as somebody or something.
4. # 3 replaced by nothing and nobody.
5. # 4 replaced with anything and anybody

Question 28

Interrogatives

Answer 28

Conveying the force of a question. Young children produce questions with two-words and rising intonation.

Question 29

Auxillary verbs

Answer 29

Can, Will, Are you ___?

Question 30

Auxiliary verbs

Answer 30

Can, Will, Are you ___?

Question 31

Vocabulary at age 6

Answer 31

14,000 words

Question 32

Complexive Concepts

Answer 32

a child associates different characteristics with the meaning of a word on successive uses, creating a set of objects that do not have any particular unifying characteristic. Serve to form a loose bond between items associated in the child’s experience and represent a primitive conception of word meaning.

Question 33

overextension

Answer 33

a child extends the range of a word’s meaning beyond that typically used by adults, we say that he has produced this. Ticktock used to refer to clocks, watches, parking meters, dial on scales.

Question 34

underextension

Answer 34

application of a word to a smaller set of objects than is appropriate for mature adult speech.

Question 35

relational term

Answer 35

“large” or “small” The correct use of words like these requires that two things be kept in mind: the absolute size of the object in question and its position on a scale of similar objects.

Question 36

Deictic expressions

Answer 36

words referring to personal, temporal, or spatial aspects of an utterance and whose meaning depends on the context in which the word is used. (here, this, vs there, that)

Question 37

Three things that influence how adults talk to children

Answer 37

1. adults have to make sure that children realize that an utterance is being addressed to them and not to someone else.
2. once they have the child’s attention, they must choose concepts/ideas that maximize the child’s chances of understanding what is being said.
3. then choose a particular style of speaking that they think will be most beneficial to the child. They can talk quickly or slowly, use short sentences or long ones, and so on.

Question 38

Attention getters

Answer 38

Word or phrase used to initiate an address to children.

Question 39

Attention holders

Answer 39

A tactic used to maintain children’s attention for extended amounts of time.

Question 40

“Here and now”

Answer 40

Talking about whatever is directly under the child’s eyes.

Question 41

baby talk

Answer 41

adults to children: woof woof for dog, or meow for cat, or kitty or doggie.

Question 42

Conversational terms

Answer 42

take their turns as speaker and listener in conversation.

Question 43

simultaneous bilingualism

Answer 43

learn more than one language from birth

Question 44

sequential bilingualism

Answer 44

begin learning a second language as a young child

Question 45

second-language acquisition

Answer 45

learn a second language not as a young child, but in life. Imigrant learning the local language, or thru education/travel

Question 46

code-switching (language mixing)

Answer 46

Using words or structural elements from more than one language within the same conversation (or even within a single sentence or phrase).

Question 47

Fossilization

Answer 47

Process through which forms from a speaker’s non-native language usage become fixed (generally in a way that would be considered ungrammatical by a native speaker) and do not change, even after years of instruction.