Chapter 6

Question 1

Lexical Semantics

Answer 1

Meanings of words and other lexical expressions

Question 2

Compositional semantics

Answer 2

How lexical meanings combine into phrasal meanings and how phrasal meanings are assembled

Question 3

Sense

Answer 3

Mental representation of of it’s meaning. Ex: Cat-four legged, furry, Garfield, etc

Question 4

Referents

Answer 4

Entity or individual in the world to which some expression refers. (individual cats within a reference (group of cats))

Question 5

Reference

Answer 5

A linguistic meaning that relates the sense of some expression to entities in the outside world. A collection of referents in an expression. (all cats)

Question 6

Mental image

Answer 6

A picture stored in our mind if a words meaning.

Question 7

prototype

Answer 7

For any given set of meanings of a word, a member that exhibits the typical qualities of the members of the set

Question 8

Usage-Based Definition

Answer 8

A characterization of a word’s sense based on the way that word is used by speakers of a language

Question 9

Hyponymy

Answer 9

A meaning relationship between two words where the reference of some word X is included in the reference of some other word Y. X is a hyponym of Y, and conversely Y is a hypernym of X

Question 10

Hypernym

Answer 10

Larger group in set (dogs)

Question 11

Hyponym

Answer 11

Subset of larger group of words (poodles)

Question 12

Sister terms

Answer 12

Have exactly the same hypernym. (sister terms poodles & boxers are hyponyms of hypernym dog)

Question 13

synonymy

Answer 13

Two words having exactly the same reference. (couch/sofa)

Question 14

antonymy

Answer 14

opposite in some sense

Question 15

Complimentary pairs

Answer 15

Pair of antonyms where everything is described by the first word, 2nd word or neither. (married/unmarried, existent/nonexistent, alive/dead. win/lose)

Question 16

Gradable pairs

Answer 16

antonyms and denote opposite ends of the scale. Do not represent an absolute value. (wet/dry, easy/hard, old/young, love/hate) there is an identifiable state between the two words.

Question 17

Reverses pairs

Answer 17

Antonym pairs that suggest some kind of movement. One word undoes the movement suggested by the other. (expand/contract, ascent/descent)

Question 18

Converses pairs

Answer 18

Two opposing points of view or a change in perspective. (lend/borrow, send/receive, employer/employee, over/under) they reference each other.

Question 19

Proposition

Answer 19

The claim expressed by a sentence

Question 20

Truth value

Answer 20

The ability to be true or false

Question 21

Truth conditions

Answer 21

The conditions that would have to occur in the world in order for the proposition to be true.

Question 22

Entailment

Answer 22

Relationship between propositions (sentences) where a proposition is said to compliment the other, if one is true so has to be the other. No dogs bark, Sally’s dog doesn’t bark.

Question 23

Mutual entailment

Answer 23

When two propositions entail one another.

Question 24

Mutually Incompatible propositions

Answer 24

Impossible for both to be true. (No dogs bark, all dogs bark)

Question 25

Principle of compositionality

Answer 25

The meaning of a sentence is a function of the meanings of the words it contains and the way in which these words are syntactically combined.

Question 26

Compositional

Answer 26

Predictable meanings of words from their syntactic combination.

Question 27

Idiom

Answer 27

Multi word expression who’s meaning is not compositional . “Kick the bucket”

Question 28

Pure intersection

Answer 28

The intersection of all things in both reference sets of adjective and noun, whereas the two sets can also be identified independently, and are absolute

Question 29

Intersective Adjective

Answer 29

An adjective whose reference is determined independently from the reference of the noun that it modifies.

Question 30

Relative intersection

Answer 30

The reference of the adjective is determined relatively to the noun (Big whales, Big Mice)

Question 31

Subsective Adjectives

Answer 31

Adjective whose reference is included in the set of things that the noun it modifies refers to.

Question 32

Non-intersection Adjective

Answer 32

Adjective whose reference is a subset of the set that the noun it modifies refers to, but that does not, in and of itself, refer to any particular set of things. (possible solution, alleged thief)

Question 33

Anti-intersection adjectives

Answer 33

Adjective that whose referents are not in the set referred to by the noun that modifies. (fake Picasso)