Chapter 3 Flashcards
Phonetic inventories
Sounds produced as part of a specific language
Phonotactic constraints
Restrictions on possible combinations of sounds within specific languages
Dominant hand rules with sign language
Dominant hand used to perform all one-handed signs.
Non-dominant hand rules with sign language
If both hands moving, non-dominant hand must have the same hand shape, orientation, and motion as the dominant. It mirrors the fominant.
OR it remains in a stationary position/shape while the dominant hand moves.
Sound substitution
When speakers use sounds of their native language to replace non-native sounds. Ex: Eng-this, French-zis
aspiration
puff of air with a stop sound ‘t’ in top, transcribed with an exponent h
noncontrastive sounds
interchanging 2 different sounds (same letter), ie with our without aspiration, does not change the meaning. English language
contrastive sounds
replacing one sound (same letter) in a word, changes the meaning of the word
Phoneme
A set of speech sounds that are perceived to be variants of the same sound. Expressed between slashes /t/
allophone
various ways a phoneme is pronounced. Example the “t” sounds in stop, top, little, kitten. Expressed in brackets with exponent letter [t (little h) ]
phonetic environment
Sounds that come before and after a phone in a word.
minimal pair
two words (with different meanings) whose pronunciations differ by exactly one sound. Ex: team & teen
complimentary distribution
Considered to be allophones of the same phoneme.
Two sounds will not occur in the same environments but can be predicted to occur in specific phonetic contexts.
free variation
two sounds that occur in overlapping environments but cause no distinction in the meaning of their respective words. allophones that are perceived as the same sound. ex: the /p/ in troop, lip, soup, soap, leap
overlapping distribution
Occurrence of sounds in the same phonetic distribution. [d] and [t], environment of [li] [d] &[t] are overlapping distribution (can be added to “li” to make words)
Underlying Form
The phonemic form of a word or morphene before phonological rules are applied
Three parts of phonological rule
- Sound(s) affected by the rule
- The environment where the rule applies
- The result of the rule
Conditioning Environment
Neighboring sounds of a given sound that cause it to undergo a change
Natural Class
A group of sounds in a language that satisfy a given description to the exclusion of other sounds in that language.
Sibilant
segments that have high pitched, hissing sound quality. The natural class of silibants in English are s, sh, z, sion, ja (with phonetic symbols)
Labial
Natural class of sounds produced with the lips; includes bilabial and labiodental sounds
Obstruents
Natural Class produced with an obstruction of the airflow: stops, fricatives and affricates
Sonorants
Natural Class of sounds produced with a relatively open passage for the airflow: nasals, liquids, glides and vowels.
Phonological rules: Assimilaition
Causes a sound (or gesture) to become more like a neighboring sound or gesture with respect to a phonetic property
Phonological rules: Dissimilation
Causes two close or adjacent sounds to become less similar with respect to some property by means of change in one or both sounds.
Phonological rules: Insertion
Causes a segment not present at the phonemic level to be added to the phonetic form of the word.
Phonological rules: Deletion
Eliminates a sound that was present at the phonemic level.
Phonological rules: metathesis
changes the order of sounds.
Phonological rules: strengthening
Makes sounds stronger, stressed by stops
Phonological rules: weakening
Causes sounds to be weaker, such as flapping. “tt” sitting, becomes “d”, weaker
