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Health Sci 1001A > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

cancer

A

abnormal, uncontrolled cellular multiplication that can ultimately cause death

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2
Q

tumours (neoplasm)

A

a mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose

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3
Q

benign tumour

A

a mass of tissue that is non-cancerous

  • similar to surrounding cells
  • only dangerous they interfere with body functions (ie. blocks blood supply to the brain)
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4
Q

malignant tumour

A

a mass of tissue that is cancerous and capable of spreading

- can invade surrounding structures including blood vessels, lymphatic system and nerves

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5
Q

lymphatic system

A

a network of vessels that returns proteins, lipids and other substances from fluid in the tissues to the circulatory system

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6
Q

how does a tumour usually develop?

A
  • starts as a single change in a cell that allows it to grow and divide when it shouldn’t
  • takes about a billion cell divides to create a tumour the size of a pea so must divide for years to see a noticeable change
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7
Q

what is the tumour development series?

A
  1. genetically altered cell: mutation in one cell
  2. hyperplasia: cells continue to look normal but divide uncontrollably
  3. dysplasia: reproduce too often and the cells start to look abnormal
  4. in situ cancer: still become more abnormal and the tumour has broken any boundaries yet
  5. invasive cancer: tumour hasb broken boundaries and now it is considered malignant
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8
Q

biopsy

A

the removal and examination of a small piece of body tissue; a needle biopsy uses a needle to remove a small sample, but some biopsies require surgery

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9
Q

primary tumour

A

Cancer’s original location

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10
Q

metastasis - what is it and why does it happen?

A

the spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another
- cancer cells do not stick together as strongly as normal cells so they can break apart and recruit healthy cells

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11
Q

Secondary tumour (metastases)

A

new tumours other than the primary tumour

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12
Q

what happens if the cancer cells enter the lymphatic system or the bloodstream?

A
  • it is extremely difficult to stop the spread their spread to other organs
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13
Q

what is one principal method for predicting the outcome of cancer?

A

counting the lymph nodes that contain cancer

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14
Q

staging

A

a method of classifying the progress or extent of cancer in a person (5 stages)

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15
Q

Stage 0

A

early cancer, present only in the layers of cells where it originated

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16
Q

Stage I,II,III

A

more extensive cancer, with higher numbers indicating great tumour size and/or the degree to which cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or organ s adjacent to the primary tumour

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17
Q

Stage IV

A

advanced cancer that has spread to other body parts

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18
Q

Types of cancer: Carcinomas

A
  • arise from epithelia, tissues that cover external body surfaces, line internal tubes and cavities and form the secreting portion of glands
  • ie. breast, skin, uterus, prostate, lungs
  • most common type of cancer
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19
Q

Types of cancer: sarcomas

A
  • arise from connective and fibrous tissues

- ie. muscle, bone, cartilage and membranes covering muscles and fat

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20
Q

Types of cancer: lymphomas

A
  • cancers of the lymph nodes

- ie. part of the body that fights infections

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21
Q

Types of cancer: leukaemia

A
  • cancers of blood-forming cells

- ie. bone marrow

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22
Q

Lung cancer - what are the risk factors and what is the detection and treatment process and what is “unique” about it? and symptoms

A
  • most common cause of cancer death in Canada
  • Risk factors: tobacco smoke, asbestos, certain pollutants (any combo of these)
  • detection: hard to detect in early state and harder to treat in early state
  • Symptoms: chest pain, coughing reoccurring bronchitis (usually only appear in invasive state
  • treatment: CT scan, chest x-ray, chemotherapy and most enter remission
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23
Q

Chemotherapy

A

the treatment of cancer with chemicals that selectively destroy cancerous cells

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24
Q

remission

A

a period during the course of cancer in which there are no symptoms or other evidence of disease

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25
Q

colon and rectal cancer - risk factors, symptoms, detection and treatment (colorectal cancer)

A
  • third most common cancer in canada
  • Risk factors: age, hereditary, type 2 diabetes and colon inflammation increase the risk, preexisting polyps, lifestyle
  • symptoms: bleeding of the rectum and a change in bowel habits
  • detection: regular screen after the age 50, stool blood test
  • treatment: surgery, chemo, radiation, monoclonal antibodies
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26
Q

polyps

A

small, usually harmless, masses of tissue that project from the inner surface of a mucous membrane, such as the colon or rectum

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27
Q

Breast cancer - risk factors, early detection, treatment, symptoms

A
  • most common cancer in women
  • risk factors: genetics, early onset menstruation, late menopause, having first child after 30, obesity and alcohol use
  • -> increased levels of estrogen levels which increase breast cancer risk
  • early detection: mammogram, ultrasound, clinical breast exam, breast awareness
  • Symptoms: lumps, swelling, thickening, skin irritation, nipple pain
  • treatment: ultrasonography to see if its cancerous, removal of lump, removal of breast, chemo and radiation
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28
Q

mammogram

A

low dose X-ray of the breasts used to check for early signs of breast cancer

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29
Q

lumpectomy

A

removal of lump and surrounding tissue

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30
Q

mastectomy

A

removal of breast

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31
Q

prostate cancer - risk factors, symptoms, detection and treatment

A
  • most common cancer in men and the third leading cause of death in men
  • risk factors: age, inherited genes, lifestyle, type 2 diabetes
  • symptoms: changes in urinary frequency, weak or interrupted urine flow, painful or blood in urination
    detection: prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test, ultrasound
  • treatment: radical prostatectomy (results in erectile dysfunction or inability to control urine), radioactive seeds
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32
Q

radical prostatectomy

A

removal of the prostate

33
Q

incontinence

A

the inability to control the flow of urine

34
Q

prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test

A

diagnostic test for prostate cancer that measures blood levels of PSA

35
Q

cervical dysplasia

A

condition where the cells are abnormal but not yet cancerous

36
Q

pap test

A

a scraping of the cells from the cervix for examination under a microscope to detect cancer

37
Q

Skin cancer - risk factors, detection, treatment and symptoms

A
  • most common cancer (including cures)
  • risk factors: excessive exposure to UV radiation, sunlamps, tanning beds, severe sunburns in childhood, many moles
  • prevention: avoid longterm exposure to sunlight, tanning beds
  • Detection: early detection
  • treatment: surgery
38
Q

melanoma

A

a malignant tumour of the skin that arises from pigmented cells, usually a mole

39
Q

what are the 3 types of skin cancer?

A
  1. basal cell carcinoma: cancer of the deepest layers of the skin
  2. squamous cell carcinoma: cancer of surface layers of the skin
  3. melanoma
40
Q

characteristics of melanoma

A
  • asymmetry
  • border irregularity
  • colour change, diameter greater than 0.5cm
41
Q

the causes of cancer: the role DNA

A
  • heredity and genetics, a person may have predisposed genes to certain cancers
  • mutations in DNA may cause cancers
  • mutational damages occur after birth (can be inherited tho)
  • cancer promoters: accelerate the growth of cells without damaging the DNA (ie. estrogen)
42
Q

mutagens

A

environmental factors that can cause mutations, such as radiation, and atmospheric chemicals

43
Q

oncogenes

A

genes involved in the transformation of normal cells into a cancer cell

44
Q

tumour suppressor genes

A

a type of oncogene that normally functions to restrain cellular growth

45
Q

the causes of cancer: tobacco use

A
  • known to cause many other type of cancers other than lung
  • 85% of lung cancer
  • 30% of other cancers
46
Q

the causes of cancer: dietary factors -which ones need to be reduced and which ones need to be increased

A
  • either support or detract from their abilities to help protect us from cancer
    Reduce: dietary fat and red meat, refined sugar, alcohol and fried foods
    Increase: fibre and fruit/vegetables (contain anticarcinogens & carotenoids)
47
Q

anticarcinogens

A

agents that destroy or otherwise block the action of carcinogens

48
Q

carotenoids

A

any group of yellow-to-red plant pigments that can be converted into Vitamin A by the liver (many act as anti-oxidants or have other anti-cancer effects)

49
Q

phytochemicals

A

substances in plants that help protect against chronic disease
- ie. sulphoraphane a potent anticarcinogen found in broccoli

50
Q

the causes of cancer: inactivity and obesity

A
  • linked with increased risk of several kinds cancer (breast and colon)
51
Q

the causes of cancer: carcinogens in the environment

A
  • some are made naturally (viruses, sun’s UV rays) and other are synthetic substances
    Microbes:
    viruses seem to be the main cancer causers
    Ingested Chemicals:
    nitrites and nitrates are dangerous (inhibit the growth of bacteria)
    Environmental and Industrial Pollution:
  • pollutants can cause lung cancer
    Radiation:
    medical screening equipment and UV radiation
52
Q

Detecting Cancer - caution

A 
- C.A.U.T.I.O.N 
C = change in bowel or bladder habits
A = a sore that doesn't heal
U = unusual bleeding or discharge
T = thickening or lump in the breasts or elsewhere
 I = indigestion or difficulty in swallowing 
O = obvious change in a wart or mole
N = a nagging cough or hoarseness
53
Q

Diagnosis Cancer

A
  • physical examination, medical screening equipment (CT, MRI, X-rays)
54
Q

Treating Cancer: surgery

A
  • most useful treatment

- less effective when a tumour involves cells of the immune system, or when we metastasized

55
Q

Treating Cancer: chemotherapy

A
  • used in combination with surgery
  • induction chemotherapy: starting chemotherapy before therapy both to shrink a tumour and to kill any existing small metastasis
56
Q

Treating Cancer: radiation

A
  • X-rays or gamma is directed at a tumour and tumour cells are killed
  • radioactive seeds
  • destroys both cancerous and non-cancerous
57
Q

Treating Cancer: New and experimental techniques

A

gene therapy: manipulation of gene expression in human cells; offers a potential treatment or cure for cancer by turning off the genes responsible for causing cells to divide rapidly and become malignant

58
Q

stem cells

A

unspecialized cells that can divide and produce cells that differentiate into many different types of specialized cells in the body

59
Q

preventing cancer

A
  • avoid tobacco
  • control diet and weight
  • exercise
  • protect your skin
  • avoid environmental and occupational carcinogens
60
Q

what is the goal of Team Shan

A
  • increase early detection of breast cancer in young women

- improve outcomes for young woment diagnosed with breast cancer

61
Q

what is the OPHS need? (team shan)

A

bring awareness to cancer for young adults (15-39yrs)

62
Q

Missed - Video

A
  • more than 140 organizations work through the LIVESTRONG organization in order to bring awareness to young adult cancer
  • prognosis of cancer in young adults hasn’t improved for 25yrs
63
Q

what is the psychosocial aspect of being diagnosed?what do they feel

A

lonely

64
Q

what are some current Canadian stats about cancer - how many diagnosed each yr? what percentage out of women? how many young women? how many are from Ontario?

A
  • 8,300 people diagnosed/yr
  • 1 out of 8 women will experience cancer in their lifetime
  • 1,200 young women diagnosed with breast cancer each year (400 of those in Ontario)
65
Q

what did the 2007 North American Report suggest

A

cancer in young adults was sporadic and they still dont know what causes them to get cancer so young (environmental factors just being looked at now) - environmental factors or genetics

66
Q

what did the 2009 candian cancer society suggest?

A

young adults (15-39) need to be aware, seek medical attention when normal to you isnt normal anymore

67
Q

what is the main cause of death amoung young female adults and what percentage is due to breast cancer

A
  • cancer

- 2/3 (most common)

68
Q

what are some risk factors for breast, testicular and skin cancer?

A

lumps in neck, breast, abdomen, testicle and abnormal, pigmented skin lesions

69
Q

team shan: what are some of the delays in diagnoses

A
  • delays attributed to either patients or physicians inaction
  • physicians reluctance to make diagnoses(ie. assumed they were too young for the disease)
70
Q

what is metastatic breast cancer

A

stage 4 cancer and that’s increasing

71
Q

what are some known facts about the type of cancer that appears in young women

A
  • aggressive
  • random
  • doesn’t always start as a bump
  • most lumps in the breast are not cancer
72
Q

what are some uncontrollable risk factors of breast cancer?

A
  • female
  • genetics
  • increased age
  • born in NA or Northern Europe
  • African heritage
  • early menstruation (earlier than 12yrs)
  • exposed to radiation
73
Q

what are some controllable risk factors of breast cancer

A
  • poor diet/unhealthy weight
  • physical inactivity
  • tobacco use/ 2nd hand smoke
  • alcohol misuse
  • oral contraceptive
  • delayed childbirth/ not breastfeeding
74
Q

common breast cancer symptoms that are persistent and unexplained

A
  • pain
  • lump, bump or swelling
  • significant weight loss
  • extreme tiredness
  • changes in a mole
  • breast thickening
  • nipple changes
  • nipple discharge
75
Q

how to lower your risk of breast cancer

A
  • breast aware
  • eat well
  • live smoke-free
  • get active
  • healthy lifestyle
  • maintain a healthy weight
  • avoid 2nd smoke
  • limit alcohol use
76
Q

what is the purpose of team shan?

A
  • educate the public, healthcare professionals, and young women about early detection, risk reduction and prevention of breast cancer
77
Q

what is the leading cause of death - tobbaco?

A

cancer is the leading cause of death in Canada accounts for 1/4 deaths
Tobacco is responsible for 25% for cancer deaths “greatest avoidable risk factor”
lung cancer is most common cause of cancer death

78
Q

what is the most common type Of cancer

A

carcinoma

Health Sci 1001A (12 decks)

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