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Health Sci 1001A > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychotherapy

A
  • a cognitive behavioural therapy

- a depressed person learns how to recognize and deal with life situations in a constructive mater

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2
Q

Drug Therapy

A 
involves one or more classes of antidepressants – they work on different neurotransmitters
SSRis (prozac)
SNRIs
NRDIs
NaSSAs
Cyclics
MAO (nardil)
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3
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ETC)

A

Delivers an electric shock to the brain including brief seizure, debated issue (short term memory loss)

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4
Q

psychosocial health

A

encompasses the mental, emotional, social and spiritual dimensions of health

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5
Q

what is psychological health?

A 
IT IS:
- the absence of mental sickness
- the presence of mental wellness
- fulfillment of human potential
IT IS NOT:
- psychological normality (diversity is valuable)
- determined by symptom alone
- determined by how someone looks
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6
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A
  • described as an ideal mental health
  • studied individuals who lived “full” lives according to him
  • when urgent needs are satisfied, less urgent needs take priority
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7
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs “stages” (bottom to top)

A
  1. physiological (breathing, food, water, sex etc.)
  2. safety (security of body, employment, resources etc.)
  3. love/belonging (friendship, family, sexual intimacy)
  4. esteem ( self-esteem, confidence, respect of/by others)
  5. Self-actualization ( morality, creativity, problem solving etc)
    * * the bottom 3 levels are defficiency needs
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8
Q

characteristics of a self-actualized person

R.A.A.C.C.

A
  • Realism ( realistic and able to cope with he world how it is)
  • Acceptance (people and themselves the way they are, requires positive self-esteem and self-concept)
  • Autonomy (direct themselves and act independently in social environments…inner directed)
  • Capacity for intimacy ( physically and emotionally intimate)
  • Creativity ( look at the world with a renewed appreciation… don’t fear the unknown and open to new experiences)
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9
Q

can self actualization be reached?

A

ideal to strive for however we don’t know if we can reach it… there is no measurement

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10
Q

characteristics of a psychologically healthy person (5)

A
  1. feel comfortable about themselves (experience a full range of emotion but are not overcome by them)
  2. interact well with others (able to give and receive love-satisfying relationships)
  3. able to meet the demands of life and respond appropriately (establish realistic goals)
  4. attaining a balance in all things In life
  5. Resilience: ability to recapture a sense of psychological wellness within reasonable time after encountering a difficult situation
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11
Q

Self-esteem trends

A
  • critical component to psychological wellness
  • an increased SE may offset self-destructive behaviours and means finding a balance between “idealized self” and where you are now
  • foundations of SE can be traced back to childhood
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12
Q

Hardiness

A
  • works alongside SE to ensure psychological health
    it exists when a person consistently shows 3 traits:
    1. a high level of commitment to something or someone
    2. a sense of control
    3. welcome to challenge
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13
Q

what factors can result in psychological disorders?

A
  • genetic factors
  • environmental factors
  • life events
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14
Q

how many students in university will experience a mental disorder?

A

1 out of 4

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15
Q

What is depression?

A

mood disorder by loss of interest, sadness, loss of appetite, disturbed sleep and physical symptoms that are out of proportion to reality

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16
Q

what are some signs that may be indications of depression?

A
  • feelings of worthless, hopeless or helpless
  • sleeping more or less than normal
  • difficulty concentrating
  • eating more or less
  • avoiding other people
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17
Q

How many people at a given time have depression? how many seek help? what is the trend? what is depression related to?

A
  • 3 million Canadians at a given time have depression
  • only 35% seek help
  • women are nearly twice as likely to be clinically depressed
  • individuals who are depressed are usually dealing with more problems (ie. family and social problems)
  • depression is a common that is related to suicide
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18
Q

Major Depression - primary and secondary

A
  • primary or endogenous depression (begins for no apparent reason and is likely caused by changes in brain chemistry)
  • secondary or exogenous depression (develops after periods of difficulty – ie. divorce, loss of job)
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19
Q

Dysthymia

A

persistent symptoms of mild or moderate depression for 2 years or more

20
Q

How do you treat depression?

A
  • most effective treatment is psychotherapy and antidepressants
  • recovery within two years is not uncommon, although never guaranteed
  • more than 80% respond well to treatment-
21
Q

what are other types of treatment for depression other than the 2 most effective ones?

A
  • Physical therapy: endorphin levels and effect on brain chemistry and hormonal levels can explain why it is a powerful antidote for depression
  • ETC
  • Complimentary treatments: should be viewed with caution (i.e.. St. John’s)
22
Q

Trends about suicide

A
  • often associated with severe depression
  • second leading cause of death among youth after traffic accidents
  • young women attempted suicide 3x more than young men but young men are 4x as more likely to succeed
  • suicidal individuals tend to become overwhelmed by destructive thoughts (anxiety, anger etc)
  • feel powerless and hopeless
  • 3.5% had attempted suiced
  • 14% reported having suicidal thoughts in their life
  • 6% had these thoughts in the past 12 months
23
Q

stigma

A

a set of negative and often unfair beliefs that a society or group people have about something

24
Q

Risk factors of suicidal behaviour

A
  • little to no support system
  • made previous attempts
  • family history
  • problems with drugs and alcohol
25
Q

Suicide prevention - where to go?

A
  • SHS
  • student development centre
  • Good2Talk Helpline
  • CCPS
26
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

altering periods of depression and mania

27
Q

mania

A

excessive elation, irritability, talkativeness, inflated SE and expansiveness

28
Q

How is bipolar disorder treated? and what is the trend between women and men?

A
  • treated with mood stabilizers

- equal diagnoses between men and women

29
Q

Schizophrenia

A

disturbance in thinking and in perceiving reality

30
Q

what are some characteristics of schizophrenic people

A
  1. disorganized thoughts
  2. inappropriate emotions
  3. delusions
  4. auditory hallucinations
  5. deteriorating social and functioning work
31
Q

trends in schizophrenia

A
  • appear in the 20s-30s
  • more common in men
  • 1.3% of Canadians have diagnosed episode in a lifetime
32
Q

treating schizophrenia

A
  • regular antipsychotics can shorten the period when symptoms are present
33
Q

anxiety disorder (how is it different from daily stress)

A
  • different from daily stress (it is intense, long-lasting, persistent and dysfunctional)
34
Q

trends in anxiety and what is the believed cause?

A
  • 2nd most common mental health problem
  • estimated to affect 1 in 10 Canadians
  • more prevalent among females
  • affects children as well as adults
  • caused by a combo of biological factors and personal circumstances
35
Q

Simple (specific) phobia

A
  • persistent and excessive fear for a specific object, activity, or situation
  • most common anxiety disorder
  • can originate from a bad experience
36
Q

Social phobia

A
  • characterized by feelings of dread and embarrassment while being observed by others
  • ie. public speaking
37
Q

Panic Disorder, how many does it affect? how many people seek help?

A
  • affects 2million Canadians
  • 2/3 of those who seek help are women
  • characterized by panic attacks
  • panic attacks can be out of the blue or because of a trigger
    it can lead to agoraphobia
38
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of being in places/situations which would be difficult to escape from or find help
- can lead this people to just stay in their house

39
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

characterized by intense nonspecific anxiety for at least 6months

  • the intensity and frequency of the worry is excessive to the situation
  • often accompanied by depression
40
Q

Obsessive-compulsion disorder (OCD)

A

obsession - recurrent intrusive thoughts or impulses causing distress
compulsion - repetitive behaviours aimed at reducing anxiety associated with obsessive thoughts
ie. obsession - germs
compulsion - wash hand = reducing germs

41
Q

Post Traumatic disorder (PTSD)

A
  • reaction to severely traumatic events that produce a sense of terror and helplessness
  • these attacks are very vivid and can be experienced by dreams, flashbacks
  • accompanied by sleep disturbances, withdrawal and symptoms of anxiety and depression
  • symptoms typically begin 3months after the even although they can occur years after
42
Q

Treating anxiety disorders

A
  • combo of meds and behaviour therapy for OCB and GAD
  • stress management and coping techniques
  • relaxation techniques
  • exercise and proper nutrition (ie. avoiding caffeine)
43
Q

Models of human nature and therapeutic change

Biological (medical) model and therapy?

A
  • minds activity depends on the brain whose composition is genetically determined
  • still acknowledges environmental influences but mostly genetic
  • genetic influences on anxiety and depression
  • brain structure is different in those w schizophrenia
    THERAPY: pharmacological treatments
44
Q

Models of human nature and therapeutic change

Behavioural model and therapy?

A
  • focuses on what people do rather than the brain structure/chemistry
  • brain is analyzed in terms of stimulus, response and reinforcement
  • purpose is to discover the reinforcement that participates in negative behaviour and alter it

THERAPY: exposure

45
Q

Models of human nature and therapeutic change

cognitive model and therapy?

A
  • behaviour results from complex attitudes rather than simple reinforcements
  • individuals are taught to substitute their unrealistic thoughts with realistic ones and to test their assumptions
    THERAPY: cognitive (changing negative thoughts)
46
Q

Models of human nature and therapeutic change

psychodynamic model and therapy?

A
  • emphasizes thoughts as well as unconscious emotions, ideas and impulses
  • emphasizes the role of the past in shaping the present
    THERAPIES: interpersonal, humanistic, existential, experimental (seeks to make the conscious that which is unconscious)
47
Q

Combined approach: Cognitive-behavioural therapy

A
  • typically emphasizes exposure as well as changing problematic patterns of thinking
  • involves 10 individual or group sessions with therapist and hmwk
  • has been shown to produce significant improvements
  • been combined with drug therapy for depression, anxiety disorders and schizophrenia

Health Sci 1001A (12 decks)

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