Chapter 2 Flashcards
Psychotherapy
- a cognitive behavioural therapy
- a depressed person learns how to recognize and deal with life situations in a constructive mater
Drug Therapy
involves one or more classes of antidepressants – they work on different neurotransmitters SSRis (prozac) SNRIs NRDIs NaSSAs Cyclics MAO (nardil)
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ETC)
Delivers an electric shock to the brain including brief seizure, debated issue (short term memory loss)
psychosocial health
encompasses the mental, emotional, social and spiritual dimensions of health
what is psychological health?
IT IS: - the absence of mental sickness - the presence of mental wellness - fulfillment of human potential IT IS NOT: - psychological normality (diversity is valuable) - determined by symptom alone - determined by how someone looks
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- described as an ideal mental health
- studied individuals who lived “full” lives according to him
- when urgent needs are satisfied, less urgent needs take priority
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs “stages” (bottom to top)
- physiological (breathing, food, water, sex etc.)
- safety (security of body, employment, resources etc.)
- love/belonging (friendship, family, sexual intimacy)
- esteem ( self-esteem, confidence, respect of/by others)
- Self-actualization ( morality, creativity, problem solving etc)
* * the bottom 3 levels are defficiency needs
characteristics of a self-actualized person
R.A.A.C.C.
- Realism ( realistic and able to cope with he world how it is)
- Acceptance (people and themselves the way they are, requires positive self-esteem and self-concept)
- Autonomy (direct themselves and act independently in social environments…inner directed)
- Capacity for intimacy ( physically and emotionally intimate)
- Creativity ( look at the world with a renewed appreciation… don’t fear the unknown and open to new experiences)
can self actualization be reached?
ideal to strive for however we don’t know if we can reach it… there is no measurement
characteristics of a psychologically healthy person (5)
- feel comfortable about themselves (experience a full range of emotion but are not overcome by them)
- interact well with others (able to give and receive love-satisfying relationships)
- able to meet the demands of life and respond appropriately (establish realistic goals)
- attaining a balance in all things In life
- Resilience: ability to recapture a sense of psychological wellness within reasonable time after encountering a difficult situation
Self-esteem trends
- critical component to psychological wellness
- an increased SE may offset self-destructive behaviours and means finding a balance between “idealized self” and where you are now
- foundations of SE can be traced back to childhood
Hardiness
- works alongside SE to ensure psychological health
it exists when a person consistently shows 3 traits:
1. a high level of commitment to something or someone
2. a sense of control
3. welcome to challenge
what factors can result in psychological disorders?
- genetic factors
- environmental factors
- life events
how many students in university will experience a mental disorder?
1 out of 4
What is depression?
mood disorder by loss of interest, sadness, loss of appetite, disturbed sleep and physical symptoms that are out of proportion to reality
what are some signs that may be indications of depression?
- feelings of worthless, hopeless or helpless
- sleeping more or less than normal
- difficulty concentrating
- eating more or less
- avoiding other people
How many people at a given time have depression? how many seek help? what is the trend? what is depression related to?
- 3 million Canadians at a given time have depression
- only 35% seek help
- women are nearly twice as likely to be clinically depressed
- individuals who are depressed are usually dealing with more problems (ie. family and social problems)
- depression is a common that is related to suicide
Major Depression - primary and secondary
- primary or endogenous depression (begins for no apparent reason and is likely caused by changes in brain chemistry)
- secondary or exogenous depression (develops after periods of difficulty – ie. divorce, loss of job)
Dysthymia
persistent symptoms of mild or moderate depression for 2 years or more
How do you treat depression?
- most effective treatment is psychotherapy and antidepressants
- recovery within two years is not uncommon, although never guaranteed
- more than 80% respond well to treatment-
what are other types of treatment for depression other than the 2 most effective ones?
- Physical therapy: endorphin levels and effect on brain chemistry and hormonal levels can explain why it is a powerful antidote for depression
- ETC
- Complimentary treatments: should be viewed with caution (i.e.. St. John’s)
Trends about suicide
- often associated with severe depression
- second leading cause of death among youth after traffic accidents
- young women attempted suicide 3x more than young men but young men are 4x as more likely to succeed
- suicidal individuals tend to become overwhelmed by destructive thoughts (anxiety, anger etc)
- feel powerless and hopeless
- 3.5% had attempted suiced
- 14% reported having suicidal thoughts in their life
- 6% had these thoughts in the past 12 months
stigma
a set of negative and often unfair beliefs that a society or group people have about something
Risk factors of suicidal behaviour
- little to no support system
- made previous attempts
- family history
- problems with drugs and alcohol
Suicide prevention - where to go?
- SHS
- student development centre
- Good2Talk Helpline
- CCPS
Bipolar disorder
altering periods of depression and mania
mania
excessive elation, irritability, talkativeness, inflated SE and expansiveness
How is bipolar disorder treated? and what is the trend between women and men?
- treated with mood stabilizers
- equal diagnoses between men and women
Schizophrenia
disturbance in thinking and in perceiving reality
what are some characteristics of schizophrenic people
- disorganized thoughts
- inappropriate emotions
- delusions
- auditory hallucinations
- deteriorating social and functioning work
trends in schizophrenia
- appear in the 20s-30s
- more common in men
- 1.3% of Canadians have diagnosed episode in a lifetime
treating schizophrenia
- regular antipsychotics can shorten the period when symptoms are present
anxiety disorder (how is it different from daily stress)
- different from daily stress (it is intense, long-lasting, persistent and dysfunctional)
trends in anxiety and what is the believed cause?
- 2nd most common mental health problem
- estimated to affect 1 in 10 Canadians
- more prevalent among females
- affects children as well as adults
- caused by a combo of biological factors and personal circumstances
Simple (specific) phobia
- persistent and excessive fear for a specific object, activity, or situation
- most common anxiety disorder
- can originate from a bad experience
Social phobia
- characterized by feelings of dread and embarrassment while being observed by others
- ie. public speaking
Panic Disorder, how many does it affect? how many people seek help?
- affects 2million Canadians
- 2/3 of those who seek help are women
- characterized by panic attacks
- panic attacks can be out of the blue or because of a trigger
it can lead to agoraphobia
agoraphobia
fear of being in places/situations which would be difficult to escape from or find help
- can lead this people to just stay in their house
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
characterized by intense nonspecific anxiety for at least 6months
- the intensity and frequency of the worry is excessive to the situation
- often accompanied by depression
Obsessive-compulsion disorder (OCD)
obsession - recurrent intrusive thoughts or impulses causing distress
compulsion - repetitive behaviours aimed at reducing anxiety associated with obsessive thoughts
ie. obsession - germs
compulsion - wash hand = reducing germs
Post Traumatic disorder (PTSD)
- reaction to severely traumatic events that produce a sense of terror and helplessness
- these attacks are very vivid and can be experienced by dreams, flashbacks
- accompanied by sleep disturbances, withdrawal and symptoms of anxiety and depression
- symptoms typically begin 3months after the even although they can occur years after
Treating anxiety disorders
- combo of meds and behaviour therapy for OCB and GAD
- stress management and coping techniques
- relaxation techniques
- exercise and proper nutrition (ie. avoiding caffeine)
Models of human nature and therapeutic change
Biological (medical) model and therapy?
- minds activity depends on the brain whose composition is genetically determined
- still acknowledges environmental influences but mostly genetic
- genetic influences on anxiety and depression
- brain structure is different in those w schizophrenia
THERAPY: pharmacological treatments
Models of human nature and therapeutic change
Behavioural model and therapy?
- focuses on what people do rather than the brain structure/chemistry
- brain is analyzed in terms of stimulus, response and reinforcement
- purpose is to discover the reinforcement that participates in negative behaviour and alter it
THERAPY: exposure
Models of human nature and therapeutic change
cognitive model and therapy?
- behaviour results from complex attitudes rather than simple reinforcements
- individuals are taught to substitute their unrealistic thoughts with realistic ones and to test their assumptions
THERAPY: cognitive (changing negative thoughts)
Models of human nature and therapeutic change
psychodynamic model and therapy?
- emphasizes thoughts as well as unconscious emotions, ideas and impulses
- emphasizes the role of the past in shaping the present
THERAPIES: interpersonal, humanistic, existential, experimental (seeks to make the conscious that which is unconscious)
Combined approach: Cognitive-behavioural therapy
- typically emphasizes exposure as well as changing problematic patterns of thinking
- involves 10 individual or group sessions with therapist and hmwk
- has been shown to produce significant improvements
- been combined with drug therapy for depression, anxiety disorders and schizophrenia
