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Health Sci 1001A > Breastfeeding > Flashcards

Breastfeeding Flashcards

1
Q

what is unique about the makeup of a mothers milk? How is it important to the infant?

A
  • the mother makes milk specific to the child with all the requirements for growth and development
  • it is the ultimate super-food and the only thing a baby needs to be sustained for 6m postpartum (including water)
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2
Q

What does breast milk provide the infant with? Does breast milk change as the infant gets older?

A
  • breast milk provides all. the fluid and nutrients for optimal growth and development
  • the milk adapts to the age of the infant - constantly changes to meet the nutritional requirements of the infants
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3
Q

Colostrum

A
  • present right after birth – changes to mature milk a couple days after birth
  • “liquid gold” - yellowish and sticky
  • can sustain a newborn and should be given to them within the first hour after birth
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4
Q

hormones involved in breastfeeding

A
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
  • prolactin
  • oxytocin
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5
Q

prolactin - what is its role?

A

peaks during every breastfeed (supply and demand) helps with milk supply

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6
Q

oxytocin - whats its role?

A

important for a mother, infant bonding, released overtime they are breastfeeding
- stimulates uterine contractions

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7
Q

breastfeeding recommendations and what percentage of the world is exclusively breastfed?

A
  • breastfeeding exclusively for the first 6months and sustained up to 2yrs
  • most women who give birth start breastfeeding in the hospital and slowly declines after 6months and beyond (less than 30% breastfeed after hospital)
  • 36% of infants 0-6m are exclusively breastfed
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8
Q

how is breastfeeding portrayed in TV shows?

A
  • caucasian educated women breastfeed newborns
  • does not show a range of ethnicities or socioeconomic statuses
  • breastfeeding in public and extended breastfeeding is still not acceptable in TV shows
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9
Q

what are some benefits to breastfeeding (in terms of school)

A
  • improves IQs
  • better school attendance
  • associated with higher income in adult life
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10
Q

what are the main components of human milk?

A

low in protein but high in high in brain development substances

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11
Q

what are some short-term benefits of breastfeeding for babies? (6)

A
  1. infection: relationship between duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding and protection from many infections (more milk = more protection - reduced risk)
  2. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS):
    - could happen by suffocation
    - breastmilk is digested quickly so babies wake up more and do not fall in deep sleep
  3. mortality:
    - not breastfeeding increases a child’s risk of dying in infancy
    - in developing countries infants have a higher risk of diarrhoea and respiratory diseases
    - estimated 800,000 lives could be saved if children younger than 5yrs if all children 0-23m were optimally breastfed
  4. overweight and obesity?: debateable!
    - relationship between breastfeeding and obesity prevention
    - will not over feed on breast but will on bottle
    - 2014 systematic review suggests this is hard to prove bc there are many other factors (ie. genetics and environment)
  5. issues related to temperature and respiratory regulation:
    - bottle feeding increases physiological instability
    - oxygen saturation and body temperature are lower in preterm infants who were bottle fed vs. breastfed
    - there importance of skin-to-skin (kangaroo care)
  6. pain: not breastfeeding increases infants response to pain
    - analysis of 11 studies showed that both breastfeeding and human milk are pain relieving
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12
Q

in developing countries what are the main causes of death among infants?

A
  1. diarrhoea

2. respiratory diseases

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13
Q

what are the long-term benefits of breastfeeding for babies? (4)

A
  1. reduced risk of some childhood cancers: need more research
    - several studies have found that increased risk for some childhood cancers when children have not been breastfed (ie. leukaemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease)
  2. reduced risk of asthma
  3. increased cognitive development (debated issue):
    - associated with higher scores on developmental and cognitive screening tools
    - 2013 study –> babies breastfed for 1yr were better able to understand others at 3yrs old and had higher verbal and nonverbal intelligence at 7yrs old
  4. reduced risk of type 1 and type 2 diabetes:
    - infant formula appears to be associated with an increased risk for diabetes
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14
Q

what are the benefits for mothers by breastfeeding?

A
  • premature weaning or not breastfeeding are associated with health risks
  • the degree of health outcomes is based on the duration, frequency and exclusivity of breastfeeding
    (many studies associations are based on lifetime duration of breastfeeding)
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15
Q

benefits for mothers: health outcomes with NOT breastfeeding (5)

A
  • increased prevalence for hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome
  • increased risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, postpartum depression
  • reduction in bone health
  • increased sleep disturbances
  • decreased postpartum weight loss
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16
Q

how does formula feeding compare to breast milk in terms of nutritional requirements?

A
  • infants fed formula have an increased risk of compromised nutritional status, growth and development and overall health and survival
17
Q

What is a hazard for bottle feeding and formula? and what is pathogen contamination?

A
  • milk based powered infant formula is an ideal substrate for bacteria growth
  • pathogen contamination: enterobacter sakazakii has been detected in powerded infant formula
18
Q

what happened in 2008 to thousands of children in China, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Singapore?

A
  • melamine was added to 22 brands of infant formula

- 50,000 hospitalizations and at least 6 died from acute renal failure

19
Q

what is the problem with melamine? and why was it used? and what happened in response?

A
  • it was used to disguise the low protein content resulting from diluting formula
  • increased nitrogen content
  • increased protein content and gave the formula a milky appearance
    US FDA and WHO set guidelines of how much melamine ingestion - but unclear of how much is safe
20
Q

hazard for bottle feeding and formula: feeding in emergencies and disasters

A
  • widespread of infant formula exposes an increased risk of death and disease (when clean water is limited to mix formula and wash bottles)
21
Q

The Baby Friendly Initiative (BFI): what is it?

A
  • global campaign to promote, protect and support breastfeeding
  • sponsored by WHO and UNICEF
22
Q

The Baby Friendly Initiative (BFI): History

A
  1. 1920s: Emancipation of women
    - other feeding allowed women to pursue their interests and WW2 moved women into the workplace
    - Canadian dairy industry grew and public health officials promoted formula feeding
    - decline in breastfeeding rates
  2. 1920s-1960s:
    - majority of women didnt breastfeed
    - higher infant mortality rates due to increased feeding of cow’s milk
    - scientist tried to improve artificial baby milk instead of promoting breastfeeding
  3. early 1970s:
    - breastfeeding rates were rising in Canada and increased recognition of the importance of breastfeeding
    - developing regions: breastfeeding rates still declined… bc of this infant formula was marketed to mothers who could not afford it or who lived in conditions that made formula feeding unsafe
    - concern about marketing of infant formula in developing countries increased
  4. 1979:
    - WHO and UNICEF held international meeting concerning infant and young child feeding
  5. 1981:
    - International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes was developed (adapted from WHA)
23
Q

The international code of marketing of breast milk substitutes - what is it?

A
  • referred to as the WHO code
  • provided minimum requirements to protect and promote appropriate infant and young child feeding practices
  • MAin focus: regulation of marketing of infant formula and products associated with bottle feeding
  • -> focuses attention on how the infant formula industry influences health care providers and consumers to support the use of manufactured milk
24
Q

what are the details of the WHO code? (10)

A
  1. no advertising these products to the public
  2. no free samples to mothers
  3. no promotion of these products in health care facilities (including free distribution or low-cost supplies)
  4. no company sales representatives to advise mothers
  5. no gifts or personal samples to health care workers
  6. no words or pictures idealising artificial feeding or pictures of infants on labels of milk containers
  7. info to health care workers should be scientific and factual
  8. all info on artificial containers must explain the benefits of breastfeeding and the costs and hazards of artificial feeding
  9. unsuitable products such as sweetened condensed milk should not be promoted for babies
  10. products should be high in quality and take account the climatic and storage conditions in the countries where they’re used
25
Q

Canada and the BFI - when did it give join and does it violate it?

A
  • gave approval to WHO code in 1981 as part of near global consensus
  • many violations of the WHO code as it is not legislated in Canada
26
Q

what does the BFI based on?

A
  • Evidence based
  • Outcomes-oriented
  • Protects, promotes, and supports breastfeeding
  • Benefits all babies
27
Q

the breastfeeding committee for Canada (BCC) - what is it and what does it do?

A
  • national authority for the BFI in Canada
  • each province and territory has representatives on the BCC BFI Implementation Committee
  • responsible for outlining the practice outcomes criteria for assessment and designation of “Baby Friendly”
28
Q

WHO 10 steps to successful breastfeeding

A
  1. have a written breastfeeding policy that is routinely communicated to all healthcare providers and volunteers
  2. ensure all health care providers have the knowledge and skills necessary to implement the breastfeeding policy
  3. inform pregnant women and their families about the process and importance of breastfeeding
  4. place babies in uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact with mothers immediately following birth for at least an hour or until completion of the first feeding or as long as the mother wishes
  5. assist mothers to breastfeed and maintain lactation should they face challenges including separation from their infant
  6. support mothers exclusively to breastfeed for the first 6 months, unless supplements are medically required
  7. facilitate 24hrs rooming-in for all mother-infants dyads: mother and infant stay together
  8. encourage sustained breastfeeding beyond 6months with an appropriate introduction to complementary foods
  9. support mothers to feed and care for their breastfeeding babies without the use of artificial treats or pacifiers
  10. provide a seamless transition between the services provide by the hospital, community health services and peer support programs
29
Q

male partners’ role in breastfeeding - what can they do and how should they get involved?

A
  • supporting the mother
  • caring for the infant
  • feeding the infant
  • housework
  • preparing pumping equipment
    1. education and access to partner-specific information on breastfeeding
    2. online or drop in support groups for men
    3. alternatives to breastfeeding
30
Q

lochia

A

bloody discharge a woman will experience 3-6 weeks after birth

31
Q

Postpartum

A

the period of about 3 months after delivering a baby

32
Q

when does menstration start occuting after breast feeding is over

A

within about 10 weeks

Health Sci 1001A (12 decks)

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