Chapter 1 Flashcards
what is health? and who defined it in what year?
the state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of illness and disease (WHO 1948)
how did the Ottawa Charter add to the definition of health, and in what year?
1986 - health’s a positive concept emphasizing on social and personal factors as well as physical capabilities.
what is wellness?
- expanded idea of health
- ability to live life fully with vitality and meaning
- it is a dynamic process
7 dimensions of wellness
- physical
- interpersonal/social
- mental/ intellectual
- Occupational
- Emotional
- Environmental
- Spiritual
physical wellness
- requires healthy eating, exercise, learning about disease, regular check ups
- influences the quality of life and how many years of healthy life you will have
health related quality of life
- a personal sense of physical and mental health
- requires a full range of functional capacity to work, play and maintain relationships
interpersonal/social wellness
- learning effective communication skills, developing the capacity for intimacy and cultivating a support network
- requires participating in and contributing to the country and world
- openness and accepting diversity
(these relationships are essential for physical and emotional health )
intellectual/mental wellness
- openness to new ideas, capacity to think critically and to learn new skills
- ability to process and use information is important aspect of wellness
occupational wellness
- personal satisfaction derived from career development
- involves attaining work-life balance
emotional wellness
- includes optimism, trust, self esteem, control, ability to share feelings
- requires monitoring your feelings, identifying obstacles in emotional well-being and finding solutions to them
- arguably the core of wellness
environmental wellness
- personal health depends on the health of the planet (ie. pollution and violence)
- requires learning about and protecting yourself from these hazards
- be an advocate and taking action towards these hazards
what are 2 strategies for achieving environmental health
- keep the environment around you clean bc it can help your emotional wellness
- take breaks outside
spiritual wellness
- includes having a set of of beliefs and values that give meaning/purpose to one’s life
- involves the capacity to love, compassion, forgiveness, joy, altruism
- doesn’t have to be a religion just something that is meaningful in your life
how is stress and spiritual wellness related?
often people who have spiritual wellness have lower stress levels as they have something to turn to during hard times
infectious disease (communicable)
passed on by person to person usually caused by microbes (ie. common cold, flu)
chronic disease
develop and become worse overtime (sometimes caused by lifestyle factors)
“Socially Transmitted Conditions”
factors that can be passed down from generation to generation that may contribute to chronic diseases (ie. stress)
early-to-mid 1900s
health threats and life expectancy
life expectancy: 58.8yrs(M) & 60.6yrs (F)
- health threats = infectious diseases (spread to lack of clean water and sewage)
early-to-mid 1900s
health threats discovered
- sources of infectious diseases soon discovered
- public health became more important
- vaccines
morbidity
illness or disease
mortality
death
Life expectancy with modern medicine
- F: 83.8yrs
- M: 79.6yrs
- AVR: 81.7yrs
what is the best “cure” for chronic disease
- PREVENTION
- individuals have some control whether they develop certain chronic diseases
main 3 chronic causes for death in Canada
- cancer
- heart disease
- stroke
- smoking is the leading preventable cause of death, followed by poor diet and alcohol use
life expectancy trends in Canada
- among the highest in the world
- life expectancy goes up when unemployment goes down and levels of education goes up
what is the relationship with the life expectancy with immigrants
immigrants tend to have a higher life expectancy than natives of the country but over time their life expectancy levels out with everyone else
representative sample
people who are included are representative or similar to the general population in similar ways or conclusions being drawn about
what kind of research studies do scientist generally have the most confidence in and why?
best to use randomized controlled experiment
why does size matter when it comes to research studies
- big conclusions being drawn in health studies is a red flag
- results are less likely to be skewed or rare cases to come about
meta-analysis
synthesis of studies that take all the evidence and rerun them again and draw conclusions
how can someone reach wellness? (4steps)
- examine your current health behaviours
- choose a target behaviour
- obtain accurate information about your target behaviour (important for setting goals)
- find outside help
when anyone of these isn’t in place the likelihood of behaviour change is decreased
why Is behaviour change difficult? (5 Reasons)
- individual must know that the behaviour causes health problems
- must believe that the health problem makes them susceptible to this health problem
- recognize that there are risk-reduction strategies that can lower your risk to health problems
- believe that the benefits of newly adopted behaviours will be more reinforcing than the behaviours given up
- feel that others want you to alter their behaviour and will support them
how can someone change health-related behaviour? (3 reasons)
- examine pros/cons of change (benefits outweigh the cost)
- boost self-efficacy (your belief in your ability to preform the task –> develop internal locus of control, use visualization and self talk and find support network)
- identify and learn how to overcome barriers
Transtheoretical Model
stage 1: pre-contemplation
individual has no intention of changing their behaviour in the next 6 months
Transtheoretical Model
stage 2: contemplation
- individual is aware of problem and starts to think about changing it
- see them self changing in the next 6 months but is unsure of how to change
Transtheoretical Model
stage 3: preparation
- plan to take action within a month
- may have started making small changes already
Transtheoretical Model
stage 4: action
- plans for change are in affect
- changes have been sustained for 6months
- risk to reverting back to unhealthy behaviour
Transtheoretical Model
stage 5: Maintenance
- maintained behaviour for at least 6months
- typically lasts from 6months-5years
- boost on confidence and self-efficacy
Transtheoretical Model
stage 6: Termination
- exited the cycle of change - new habits are well established and efforts to change are complete
- no temptation to revert back to old behaviour
- new image and complete self-efficacy
video: Whos life is it anyway? (USA)
- companies like Weyco say that anyone who has nicotine in their body can be fired (even if they smoke at home)
- Howard (policy maker at Weyco) want people to adopt his values and not smoke
- other companies have made “wellness-programs” where employees can earn $20 credit to their health care plan by implanting healthy habits
- weyco has a very negative impact on the employees
Video: Social Media: Can it get you fired? (Toronto)
- firefighters made sexist and violent comments on twitter and were fired
- HR says even tho it was made on personal time, if it has the ability to hurt others or the employer you can be fired
Lalonde 1974:
- idea of health promotion came out of this report
- health problems require action now
- use the best evidence we have now to draw conclusions
