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MCAT Psychology + Sociology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Society

A

Group of people who share a culture and live/interact with each other within a definable area

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2
Q

Sociology

A

Attempts to understand the behaviour of groups

How people are shaped by the society they live in

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3
Q

Macro-sociologists

A

Large-scale structural considerations
Effects on structures on individual actions
How structures explain patterns of information

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4
Q

Micro-sociologists

A

Small-scae individual considerations

Effects of individuals on social structure

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5
Q

Functionalism

A

Each part of society/person has a distinct purpose

Emile Durkheim

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6
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

All parts of society work together to maintain stability

Emile Durkheim

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7
Q

Manifest functions

A

Intended and obvious consequences of a structure

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8
Q

Latent functions

A

Unintended or less recognized consequences of a structure

Can be beneficial, harmful or neutral

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9
Q

Conflict theory

A

Society as a competition for limited resources

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10
Q

Criticisms of conflict theory (3)

A
  1. Ignores the non-forceful ways in which epople and groups reach agreement
  2. Approaches society more from the perspective of those who lack power
  3. Focuses on economic factors almost exclusively as the sole issue for conflict within society
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11
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

Interested in the symbols that people use to contribute values and beliefs to others
Subjective means people impose on objects, events and behaviours

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12
Q

Dramaturgical approach

A

People are theatrical performers and that everyday life is a stage

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13
Q

Rational choice theory

A

Decisions made between multiple courses of action

Choosing things that provide greatest reward at lowest cost

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14
Q

Social exchange theory

A

We assign different values to different interactions and prefer the action with the greatest personal benefit

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15
Q

Methodological individualism

A

All social realities are the result of individual actions and interactions

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16
Q

Social constructionism

A

People actively shape their reality through social interactions
It is something that is constructed, not inherent

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17
Q

Social construct

A

Concept or practice that is a construct of a group

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18
Q

Social institutions

A

Complexes of roles, norms, and values organized into a relatively stable form that contribute to social order by governing the behaviour of people

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19
Q

Nuclear family

A

Direct blood relations

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20
Q

Polygyny

A

One man, multiple wives

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21
Q

Polyandry

A

One women, multiple husbands

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22
Q

Endogamy

A

Practice of marrying within a particular group

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23
Q

Exogamy

A

Marrying outside of a particular group

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24
Q

Kinship

A

Cultural group, not related
Bilateral descent: includes maternal and paternal relations
VS. patrilineal or matrilineal descent

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25
Q

Educational segregation

A

Disparities between education afforded to those of different socioeconomic classes

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26
Q

Teacher expectancy theory

A

Once a teacher has formed an opinion of a student, and students will agree and act in accordance

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27
Q

Educational stratification

A

Differences becoming entrenched through educational segregation, persisting through generations, so that children’s education mirrors that of their parents

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28
Q

Ecclesia

A

Dominant religious organization that includes most members of society
National or official religion

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29
Q

Church

A

Type of religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society
Usually occurs by birth

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30
Q

Sect

A

A religious organization that is distinct from that of the larger society
Often formed from breaking away from larger religious institutions

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31
Q

Cult/new religious movement

A

Religious organization that is far outside society’s norms and often involves a very different lifestyle
Can be judged

32
Q

Secularization

A

Process in which religious looses its social significance in modern societies

33
Q

Fundamentalism

A

Response to modern societies - strong attachment to traditional religious beliefs and practices

34
Q

Religiosity

A

Extent religion influences an individuals life

35
Q

Rational-legal authority

A

Legal rules and regulations are stipulated in a document

36
Q

Traditional authority

A

Power due to custom, tradition or accepted practice

37
Q

Charismatic authority

A

Power of their persuasion

38
Q

Meritocracy

A

Rules by meritorious, those with record of meaningful social contributions

39
Q

Fascist government

A

Ruled by a small group of leaders

40
Q

Authoritarian governments

A

Unelected leaders

41
Q

Totalitarianism

A

Unelected leaders regulate both public and private life

42
Q

Command economies

A

Planned economies
Economic decisions are based on a plan of production and the mean of production are often public
Communism, socialism

43
Q

Market economies

A

Economic decisions are based on the market and the means of production are often private

44
Q

Mixed economies

A

Have mix of command and market economies

45
Q

Traditional economies

A

Consider social customs in economic decisions

Most commonly in rural areas and often involving bartering and trading

46
Q

Welfare capitalism

A

Most of the economy is private, except for extensive social welfare programs to serve certain needs

47
Q

State capitalism

A

Companies are privately run, but work closely with state to come up with rules and regulations

48
Q

Mechanical solidarity

A

Society remains integrated because individuals have common beliefs that lead to each person having the same fundamental experience

49
Q

Collective conscious

A

Shared by individuals, that presumes that the existence of a greater social order that guides individual actions through shared beliefs, moral and values

50
Q

Organic solidarity

A

Society integrates through division of labor, which leads to each person having a different personal experience
Each movement is distinguishable and separate

51
Q

Medical model of disease

A

Emphasis on physical or medical factors as being the cause of all illness

52
Q

Social model of disease

A

Emphasis on the effect of one’s social class, employment status, neighbourhood, exposure to environmental toxins, diet, and many other factors

53
Q

Sick role

A

Talcott Parsons
Excepting someone from social roles and making up for their deviance
Legitimizing their illness, and they must play the roll of an ill person

54
Q

Illness experience

A

Take the patient’s subjective experience of illness as its main concern

55
Q

Symbolic culture

A

Symbols that are recognized by people of the same culture

56
Q

Whorf hypothesis

A

People understand their world through language, and that language in turn shapes how we experience the world

57
Q

Sociobiology

A

Study of how biology and evolution have affected human social behaviour

58
Q

Cultural competence

A

Effective interactions between people of different cultures

59
Q

Cultural transmission

A

Process in which cultural understanding is spread across generations

60
Q

Cultural lag

A

Societal rules lag behind new technological advancements

61
Q

Transition shock

A

Experiencing changes, that need a period of adjustment

62
Q

Sociocultural evolution

A

Theories describing the processes through which societies and cultures have progressed over time

63
Q

Class consciousness

A

Individuals active awareness in their membership in a social class

64
Q

False consciousness

A

Individuals not recognizing the state of class relations under their social system

65
Q

Social reproduction

A

Structures and activities in place in a society that serve to transmit and reinforce social inequality

66
Q

Cultural capital

A

Non-financial social assets that promote social motility

67
Q

Social capital

A

Potential for social networks to allow for upward social motility

68
Q

Power

A

Ability to get other people to do things

69
Q

Prestige

A

Reputation in society

70
Q

Privilege

A

Set of unearned benefits one receives because of some attribute

71
Q

Intersectionality

A

The ways different identities intersect within individuals and social groups to produce unique social positions

72
Q

Relative poverty

A

Inability to meet the average standard of living within a society

73
Q

Absolute poverty

A

Inability to meet a bare minimum of basic necessities

74
Q

Social epidemiology

A

Study of distribution of health and disease across a population

75
Q

Health-care disparities

A

Population-specific differences int he presence of disease, health outcomes, and quality of health care across different social groups

MCAT Psychology + Sociology (5 decks)

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