Chapter 6 Flashcards
Personality
Individual pattern of thinking, feelings and behaviour associated with each person
Psychoanalytic theory
Personality is shaped by person’s unconscious thoughts, feelings and memories
Derived from past experiences, particular from pimary early caregivers
Sigmund Freud
Libido
Life instinct
Drives behaviours focused on survival, growth, creativity, pain avoidance and pleasure
Death instinct
Drives aggressive behaviours fuelled by an unconscious wish to die or to hurt oneself
Id
Source of energy and instincts
Rules by pleasure principle
Ego
Ruled by reality principle
Uses logical thinking and planning to control conscious and id
Super ego
Inhibits the id and influences the ego to follow moralistic and idealistic goals, rather than just realistic goals
Strives for higher purpose
Makes judgements for right and wrong based on parents values
Ego defense mechanisms
Unconscious distortion of reality to neutralize anxiety
Repression
Lack to recall of an emotionally painful memory
Denial
Forceful refusal to acknowledge and emotionally painful memory
Reaction formation
Expressing the opposite of what one actually feels, as it would be too dangerous to express the real feeling
Projection
Attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another person
Displacement
Redirecting aggressive or sexual impulses from a forbidden action or object onto a less dangerous one
Rationalization
Explaining and intellectually justifying on;es impulsive behaviour
Regression
Reverting to an earlier, less sophisticated behavious
Sublimation
Channeling aggressive or sexual energy into positive, constructive activities such as art
Five psychosexual stages
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
Oedipus complex
Sexual attraction to mother
Electra complex
Sexual attraction to father
Psychologically fixated
If child does not complete stage of psychosexual development development
Erik Erikson
Extended Freud’s theory of developmental stages
Erik’s 1st stage: trust vs. mistrust
If infants physical and emotional needs are not met, as they age they may mistrust the world and interpersonal relationships
Erik’s 2nd stage: autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Toddler needs to explore, make mistakes and test limits
Adult will be dependent rather than autonomous
Erik’s 3rd stage: initiative vs. guilt
Preschool aged child: need to make decisions
Make feel guilty taking initiative - allowing others to choose
Erik’s 4th stage: industry vs. inferiority
School-aged child, needs to understand the world, develop gender-role identity, succeed in school, and set and attain personal goals - if not met, may feel inadequate
Erik’s 5th stage: identity vs. role confusion
Adolescence - needs to test limits and clarify identity, goals, and life meaning
Erik’s 6th stage: intimacy vs. isolation
Young adult
Needs to form intimate relationships at this stage, or may become isolated
Erik’s 7th stage: generativity vs. stagnation
Middle age
Person does not feel productive by helping next generation, and resolving differences between actual accomplishments and earlier dreams - may become psychologically stagnant
Erik’s 8th stage: integrity vs. despair
Later in life, final stage
Person looks back with regrets and lack of personal worth at this stage, may feel hopeless, guilty, resentful and self-rejecting
Psychoanalytic therapy
Various methods to help patient become aware of unconscious motives and to gain insight on emotional issues and conflicts
Strengthen the ego
Humanistic theory
Focuses on healthy personality development
Humans are seen as inherently good and having free will
Actualizing tendency
Most basic motive of all persons
Innate drive to maintain and enhance the organism
Person will grow to self-actualization, realizing their human potential
Carl Rogers
Developed humanistic theory
Child introduces behaviours that caregiver things are good, taking them as part of their self-concept
Self-concept
Made up of a child conscious, subjective perspectives, and beliefs about themselves
Incongruence
Encountering experiences in life that contradict their self-concepts
Humanistic therapy
Person-centered therapy
Provide an environment that will help clients trust and accept themselves and their emotional reactions so they can grow from their experiences
Behaviourist perspective
Personality is a result of learning behaviour patterns based on a person’s environment
Deterministic - people are blank slates and environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determine an individuals subsequent behaviour and personalities
Learn through classical and operant conditioning
Behavioural therapy
Uses conditioning to shape a client’s behavious in the desired direction
Antecedents and consequences of behaviour
Social cognitive perspective
Personality is formed by a reciprocal interaction among behavioural, cognitive and environmental factors
Observational learning
Vicarious learning
Occurs when a person watches another person’s behaviour and its consequences
Learning rules, strategies, and expected outcomes
Cognitive behavioural therapy
Behavioural therapy combine with cognitive approach
Person’s feelings and behaviours are seen as reactions to person’s throughs about those events
Cognitive psychotherapy
To help clients to become aware of irrational or dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs and substitute with rational or accurate thoughts/beliefs
Psychoanalytic therapy
Talk therapy
Unconscious forces and childhood experiences targeted, reducing anxiety through self-insight
Humanistic therapy
Allowing personal growth through self-insight, targeting barrier to self-understanding and acceptance
Personality trait
Generally stable predisposition towards certain behaviour
Surface traits
Evident from a person’s behaviour
Source traits
Factors underlying human personality and behaviour
Fewer, more abstract than surface traits
Raymond Cattell
Used factor analysis with hundrants of surface traits to identify which were related
Discovered 16 surface traits and 15 source traits
5 global factors
Identified by Raymond Cattell
- Extroversion
- Anxiety
- Receptivity
- Accomodation
- Self-control
Big five personality traits
- Extroversion
- Neuroticism
- Openness to experience
- Agreeableness
- Conscientiousness
Biological perspective
Much of personality is due to biological differences among people
Hans Eyseneck
Proposed that a person’s level of extroversion is based on individual differences in the reticular formation
Jeffrey Alan Gray
Personality is governed by interactions among three brain systems that respond to reward and punishment
C. Robert Cloninger
Linked personality to brain systems involved with reward, motivation, and punishment
Person-situation controversy
Trait versus state controversy
Considers the degree to which a person’s reaction in a given situation is due to their personality or due to the situation
Social cues
People use these to modify their behaviour
Drive
Urge originating from a physiological discomfort - hunger, thirst, sleepiness
Negative feedback
Maintaining homeostasis
Drive-reduction theory
Suggests that physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce that need to engage by engaging in some behaviour
Incentrives
External stimuli, objects, and events in the environment that help induce or discourage certain behaviours
Maslow
Hierarchy of needs
Physiological needs are at base - self-actualization at top
Comes from western emphasis on individuality
Psychological disorders
Set of behavioural and or psychological symptoms that are not in keeping with cultural norms
Biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders
Overlapping influences from biological issues, sociocultural influences, and psychological influences
Diagnostically and statistical manual of mental disorders
DMS-5
Universal authority on the classification and diagnosis of psychological disorders
Anxiety disorder
Excessive fear, and anxiety with both physiological and psychological symptoms
Obsessive-compulsive related disorders
Pattern of obsessive thoughts or urges coupled with maladaptive behavioural compulsions
Trauma and stressor related disorders
Unhealthy or pathological responses to one or more harmful or life-threatening events
Somatic symptom disorders
Symptoms that cannot be explained by a medical condition or substance use
Not attributed to other psychological disorder, but nonetheless cause emotional stress
Bipolar and related disorders
Mood swings or cycles, ranging from manic to depressive
Depressive disorders
Disturbance in mood or affect
Difficulties in sleep, concentration, appetite, fatigue, inability to experience pleasure
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
Loss of contact with reality which influence positive and negative symptoms
Dissociative disorders
Disruptions in memory, awareness, identity, or perception
Personality disorders
Enduring maladaptive patterns of behaviour and cognition that depart from social norms, present across a variety of context, and cause significant dysfunction and distress
Feeding and eating disorders
Disruptive emotional and behavioural patterns around feeding that negatively impact physical and mental health
Neurocognitive disorders
Cognitive abnormalities or general decline in memory, problem solving, perception
Sleep-wake disorders
Excessive or deficient sleep patterns, abnormalities in circadian rhythm, and/or interruptions in normal sleep
Substance-related and addictive disorders
Psychological and/or physiological dependence on, or addiction to, one or more substances and behaviours
Panic disorder
Suffered at least one panic attack and is worried about having more of them
Triggered in situations, or can be random
Generalized anxiety disorder
Tense or anxious much of te time about many iddues
Specific phobia
Persistant, strong, and unreasonable fear of a certain object or situation
Situational, natural environment, blood-injecting-injury, animal
Social anxiety disorder or social phobias
Unreasonable, paralyzing fear of feeling embarrassed or humiliated white one is seen or watched by others
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Obsessions, compulsions, or both
Obsessions
Repeated, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts or impulses that causes distress or anxiety
Compulsions
Repeated physical or mental behaviours (counting) that are performed in response to an obsession or in accordance with a set of strict rules in order to reduce distress or prevent something dreaded from occurring
PTSD
Arising from intense fear, horror, helplessness while experiencing, witnessing, or otherwise confronting an extremely traumatic event that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury to the self or others
Traumatic events are often relived
Acute stress disorder
Similar to PTSD
Symptoms for less than a month, but more than 3 days
Adjustment disorder
Symptoms lasting less than 6 months after stressor has been eliminated
Illness anxiety disorder
Distress is predominantly psychological
Preoccupation of health
Conversion disorder
Change in sensory or motor function without any physical or physiological cause that seems to be significantly affected by psychological factors
Factitious disorder
Munchhausen syndrome
Imposed on self or another
Can actually falsify evidence or self induce injury
Bipolar I disorder
Intense swings between manic and depressive episodes
At least one mixed episode
Bipolar II disorder
Manic phases are less extreme, cyclic moods
Hypomanic episode, for at least 4 days
Major depressive episode
Cyclothymic disorder
Similar to bipolar disorder, but moods are less extreme, with symptoms not meeting criteria for either manic or major depressive episode
Major depressive disorder
Suffered one or more major depressive episodes
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthemia)
Dysthymic disorder
Less intense, but typically more chronic form of depression
Milder symptoms of depression, most days for at least two years with symptoms never absent for more than two months
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Only in women
Major depressive episode is present, but intensify in the final week before the onset of menses and then improve and can disappear in the week after menses has ended
Delusional disorder
One or more delusions have been present for a month, and counter evidence is generally denied or distorted to keep delusion intact
Delusion
False belief, not due to culture, and not relinquished despite evidence it is false
Brief psychotic disorder
When any positive schizophrenia spectrum symptoms are present for at least one day, with symptoms lasting less than a month
No negative symptoms
Hallucination
False memory perception that occurs while person is conscious
Schizophreniform disorder
At least one positive symptom, and one or more negative symptoms
Lasts at least a month, but less than six
Schizophrenia
Both positive and negative symptoms for longer than 6 months
Schizoaffective disorder
Symptoms of schizophrenia, major depressive, manic, or mixed episode are experience for at least one month
Dissociative identity disorder
Alternates between two or more distinct personality states, only one of which interacts with other people at a given time
Dissociative amnesia
At least one episode of forgetting some important personal information, creating gaps in memory that are usually related to severe stress of trauma
May experience a kind of journey - dissociative fugue
Depersonalization disorder
Recurring or persistent feeling of being cut off or detached from their body or mental processes
Derealization disorder
Person experiences a feeling that people or objects in the external world are unreal
Dependent personality disorder
Person feels a need to be taken care of by others, and an unrealistic fear of being unable to take care of themselves
Trouble assuming responsibility, making decisions, preferring to gain approval
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
May not have true obsessions or compulsions, but instead accumulate objects
Perfectionist, rigid, stubborn, need to control interpersonally and mentally
Stress-diathesis theory
Genetic inheritance provides biological predisposition to schizophrenia, but stressors elicit onset of disease
Dopamine hypothesis
Hyperactive dopamine pathways in people with schizophrenia
Overabundance of dopamine and oversensitive receptors
Schizophrenia physical brain signs
Hypoactivation of frontal lobe causing negative symptoms
Smaller brains - atrophy
Increased ventricles and enlarged sulci and fissures
Dementia
Severe loss of cognitive ability beyond normal aging
Alzheimer’s disease
Anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia starting at most recent memories
Neuritic plaques of beta-amyloid protein and neurofibrilary tangles
Parkinson’s
Caused by death of cells that secrete dopamine in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra
Resting tremor, slow movement, rigidity
Attitude
Person’s beliefs, feelings about people and events, tendency to react behaviourally based on those underlying evaluations
ABCs of attitude
Affect, behavioural tendencies, cognition
Principle of aggregation
An attitude affects a person’s aggregate or average behaviour, but not necessarily each isolated act
Cognitive dissonance theory
We feel tension whenever we hold two thoughts or beliefs that are incompatible, or when attitudes and behaviours do not match
