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MCAT Psychology + Sociology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

Individual pattern of thinking, feelings and behaviour associated with each person

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2
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

Personality is shaped by person’s unconscious thoughts, feelings and memories
Derived from past experiences, particular from pimary early caregivers
Sigmund Freud

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3
Q

Libido

A

Life instinct

Drives behaviours focused on survival, growth, creativity, pain avoidance and pleasure

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4
Q

Death instinct

A

Drives aggressive behaviours fuelled by an unconscious wish to die or to hurt oneself

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5
Q

Id

A

Source of energy and instincts

Rules by pleasure principle

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6
Q

Ego

A

Ruled by reality principle

Uses logical thinking and planning to control conscious and id

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7
Q

Super ego

A

Inhibits the id and influences the ego to follow moralistic and idealistic goals, rather than just realistic goals
Strives for higher purpose
Makes judgements for right and wrong based on parents values

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8
Q

Ego defense mechanisms

A

Unconscious distortion of reality to neutralize anxiety

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9
Q

Repression

A

Lack to recall of an emotionally painful memory

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10
Q

Denial

A

Forceful refusal to acknowledge and emotionally painful memory

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11
Q

Reaction formation

A

Expressing the opposite of what one actually feels, as it would be too dangerous to express the real feeling

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12
Q

Projection

A

Attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another person

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13
Q

Displacement

A

Redirecting aggressive or sexual impulses from a forbidden action or object onto a less dangerous one

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14
Q

Rationalization

A

Explaining and intellectually justifying on;es impulsive behaviour

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15
Q

Regression

A

Reverting to an earlier, less sophisticated behavious

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16
Q

Sublimation

A

Channeling aggressive or sexual energy into positive, constructive activities such as art

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17
Q

Five psychosexual stages

A
  1. Oral
  2. Anal
  3. Phallic
  4. Latency
  5. Genital
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18
Q

Oedipus complex

A

Sexual attraction to mother

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19
Q

Electra complex

A

Sexual attraction to father

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20
Q

Psychologically fixated

A

If child does not complete stage of psychosexual development development

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21
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Extended Freud’s theory of developmental stages

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22
Q

Erik’s 1st stage: trust vs. mistrust

A

If infants physical and emotional needs are not met, as they age they may mistrust the world and interpersonal relationships

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23
Q

Erik’s 2nd stage: autonomy vs. shame and doubt

A

Toddler needs to explore, make mistakes and test limits

Adult will be dependent rather than autonomous

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24
Q

Erik’s 3rd stage: initiative vs. guilt

A

Preschool aged child: need to make decisions

Make feel guilty taking initiative - allowing others to choose

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25
Q

Erik’s 4th stage: industry vs. inferiority

A

School-aged child, needs to understand the world, develop gender-role identity, succeed in school, and set and attain personal goals - if not met, may feel inadequate

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26
Q

Erik’s 5th stage: identity vs. role confusion

A

Adolescence - needs to test limits and clarify identity, goals, and life meaning

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27
Q

Erik’s 6th stage: intimacy vs. isolation

A

Young adult

Needs to form intimate relationships at this stage, or may become isolated

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28
Q

Erik’s 7th stage: generativity vs. stagnation

A

Middle age
Person does not feel productive by helping next generation, and resolving differences between actual accomplishments and earlier dreams - may become psychologically stagnant

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29
Q

Erik’s 8th stage: integrity vs. despair

A

Later in life, final stage
Person looks back with regrets and lack of personal worth at this stage, may feel hopeless, guilty, resentful and self-rejecting

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30
Q

Psychoanalytic therapy

A

Various methods to help patient become aware of unconscious motives and to gain insight on emotional issues and conflicts
Strengthen the ego

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31
Q

Humanistic theory

A

Focuses on healthy personality development

Humans are seen as inherently good and having free will

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32
Q

Actualizing tendency

A

Most basic motive of all persons
Innate drive to maintain and enhance the organism
Person will grow to self-actualization, realizing their human potential

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33
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Developed humanistic theory

Child introduces behaviours that caregiver things are good, taking them as part of their self-concept

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34
Q

Self-concept

A

Made up of a child conscious, subjective perspectives, and beliefs about themselves

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35
Q

Incongruence

A

Encountering experiences in life that contradict their self-concepts

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36
Q

Humanistic therapy

A

Person-centered therapy
Provide an environment that will help clients trust and accept themselves and their emotional reactions so they can grow from their experiences

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37
Q

Behaviourist perspective

A

Personality is a result of learning behaviour patterns based on a person’s environment
Deterministic - people are blank slates and environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determine an individuals subsequent behaviour and personalities
Learn through classical and operant conditioning

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38
Q

Behavioural therapy

A

Uses conditioning to shape a client’s behavious in the desired direction
Antecedents and consequences of behaviour

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39
Q

Social cognitive perspective

A

Personality is formed by a reciprocal interaction among behavioural, cognitive and environmental factors

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40
Q

Observational learning

A

Vicarious learning
Occurs when a person watches another person’s behaviour and its consequences
Learning rules, strategies, and expected outcomes

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41
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy

A

Behavioural therapy combine with cognitive approach

Person’s feelings and behaviours are seen as reactions to person’s throughs about those events

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42
Q

Cognitive psychotherapy

A

To help clients to become aware of irrational or dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs and substitute with rational or accurate thoughts/beliefs

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43
Q

Psychoanalytic therapy

A

Talk therapy

Unconscious forces and childhood experiences targeted, reducing anxiety through self-insight

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44
Q

Humanistic therapy

A

Allowing personal growth through self-insight, targeting barrier to self-understanding and acceptance

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45
Q

Personality trait

A

Generally stable predisposition towards certain behaviour

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46
Q

Surface traits

A

Evident from a person’s behaviour

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47
Q

Source traits

A

Factors underlying human personality and behaviour

Fewer, more abstract than surface traits

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48
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

Used factor analysis with hundrants of surface traits to identify which were related
Discovered 16 surface traits and 15 source traits

49
Q

5 global factors

A

Identified by Raymond Cattell

  1. Extroversion
  2. Anxiety
  3. Receptivity
  4. Accomodation
  5. Self-control
50
Q

Big five personality traits

A
  1. Extroversion
  2. Neuroticism
  3. Openness to experience
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Conscientiousness
51
Q

Biological perspective

A

Much of personality is due to biological differences among people

52
Q

Hans Eyseneck

A

Proposed that a person’s level of extroversion is based on individual differences in the reticular formation

53
Q

Jeffrey Alan Gray

A

Personality is governed by interactions among three brain systems that respond to reward and punishment

54
Q

C. Robert Cloninger

A

Linked personality to brain systems involved with reward, motivation, and punishment

55
Q

Person-situation controversy

A

Trait versus state controversy
Considers the degree to which a person’s reaction in a given situation is due to their personality or due to the situation

56
Q

Social cues

A

People use these to modify their behaviour

57
Q

Drive

A

Urge originating from a physiological discomfort - hunger, thirst, sleepiness

58
Q

Negative feedback

A

Maintaining homeostasis

59
Q

Drive-reduction theory

A

Suggests that physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce that need to engage by engaging in some behaviour

60
Q

Incentrives

A

External stimuli, objects, and events in the environment that help induce or discourage certain behaviours

61
Q

Maslow

A

Hierarchy of needs
Physiological needs are at base - self-actualization at top
Comes from western emphasis on individuality

62
Q

Psychological disorders

A

Set of behavioural and or psychological symptoms that are not in keeping with cultural norms

63
Q

Biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders

A

Overlapping influences from biological issues, sociocultural influences, and psychological influences

64
Q

Diagnostically and statistical manual of mental disorders

A

DMS-5

Universal authority on the classification and diagnosis of psychological disorders

65
Q

Anxiety disorder

A

Excessive fear, and anxiety with both physiological and psychological symptoms

66
Q

Obsessive-compulsive related disorders

A

Pattern of obsessive thoughts or urges coupled with maladaptive behavioural compulsions

67
Q

Trauma and stressor related disorders

A

Unhealthy or pathological responses to one or more harmful or life-threatening events

68
Q

Somatic symptom disorders

A

Symptoms that cannot be explained by a medical condition or substance use
Not attributed to other psychological disorder, but nonetheless cause emotional stress

69
Q

Bipolar and related disorders

A

Mood swings or cycles, ranging from manic to depressive

70
Q

Depressive disorders

A

Disturbance in mood or affect

Difficulties in sleep, concentration, appetite, fatigue, inability to experience pleasure

71
Q

Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

A

Loss of contact with reality which influence positive and negative symptoms

72
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

Disruptions in memory, awareness, identity, or perception

73
Q

Personality disorders

A

Enduring maladaptive patterns of behaviour and cognition that depart from social norms, present across a variety of context, and cause significant dysfunction and distress

74
Q

Feeding and eating disorders

A

Disruptive emotional and behavioural patterns around feeding that negatively impact physical and mental health

75
Q

Neurocognitive disorders

A

Cognitive abnormalities or general decline in memory, problem solving, perception

76
Q

Sleep-wake disorders

A

Excessive or deficient sleep patterns, abnormalities in circadian rhythm, and/or interruptions in normal sleep

77
Q

Substance-related and addictive disorders

A

Psychological and/or physiological dependence on, or addiction to, one or more substances and behaviours

78
Q

Panic disorder

A

Suffered at least one panic attack and is worried about having more of them
Triggered in situations, or can be random

79
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

Tense or anxious much of te time about many iddues

80
Q

Specific phobia

A

Persistant, strong, and unreasonable fear of a certain object or situation
Situational, natural environment, blood-injecting-injury, animal

81
Q

Social anxiety disorder or social phobias

A

Unreasonable, paralyzing fear of feeling embarrassed or humiliated white one is seen or watched by others

82
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

Obsessions, compulsions, or both

83
Q

Obsessions

A

Repeated, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts or impulses that causes distress or anxiety

84
Q

Compulsions

A

Repeated physical or mental behaviours (counting) that are performed in response to an obsession or in accordance with a set of strict rules in order to reduce distress or prevent something dreaded from occurring

85
Q

PTSD

A

Arising from intense fear, horror, helplessness while experiencing, witnessing, or otherwise confronting an extremely traumatic event that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury to the self or others
Traumatic events are often relived

86
Q

Acute stress disorder

A

Similar to PTSD

Symptoms for less than a month, but more than 3 days

87
Q

Adjustment disorder

A

Symptoms lasting less than 6 months after stressor has been eliminated

88
Q

Illness anxiety disorder

A

Distress is predominantly psychological

Preoccupation of health

89
Q

Conversion disorder

A

Change in sensory or motor function without any physical or physiological cause that seems to be significantly affected by psychological factors

90
Q

Factitious disorder

A

Munchhausen syndrome
Imposed on self or another
Can actually falsify evidence or self induce injury

91
Q

Bipolar I disorder

A

Intense swings between manic and depressive episodes

At least one mixed episode

92
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A

Manic phases are less extreme, cyclic moods
Hypomanic episode, for at least 4 days
Major depressive episode

93
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

Similar to bipolar disorder, but moods are less extreme, with symptoms not meeting criteria for either manic or major depressive episode

94
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

Suffered one or more major depressive episodes

95
Q

Persistent depressive disorder (dysthemia)

A

Dysthymic disorder
Less intense, but typically more chronic form of depression
Milder symptoms of depression, most days for at least two years with symptoms never absent for more than two months

96
Q

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A

Only in women
Major depressive episode is present, but intensify in the final week before the onset of menses and then improve and can disappear in the week after menses has ended

97
Q

Delusional disorder

A

One or more delusions have been present for a month, and counter evidence is generally denied or distorted to keep delusion intact

98
Q

Delusion

A

False belief, not due to culture, and not relinquished despite evidence it is false

99
Q

Brief psychotic disorder

A

When any positive schizophrenia spectrum symptoms are present for at least one day, with symptoms lasting less than a month
No negative symptoms

100
Q

Hallucination

A

False memory perception that occurs while person is conscious

101
Q

Schizophreniform disorder

A

At least one positive symptom, and one or more negative symptoms
Lasts at least a month, but less than six

102
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Both positive and negative symptoms for longer than 6 months

103
Q

Schizoaffective disorder

A

Symptoms of schizophrenia, major depressive, manic, or mixed episode are experience for at least one month

104
Q

Dissociative identity disorder

A

Alternates between two or more distinct personality states, only one of which interacts with other people at a given time

105
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

At least one episode of forgetting some important personal information, creating gaps in memory that are usually related to severe stress of trauma
May experience a kind of journey - dissociative fugue

106
Q

Depersonalization disorder

A

Recurring or persistent feeling of being cut off or detached from their body or mental processes

107
Q

Derealization disorder

A

Person experiences a feeling that people or objects in the external world are unreal

108
Q

Dependent personality disorder

A

Person feels a need to be taken care of by others, and an unrealistic fear of being unable to take care of themselves
Trouble assuming responsibility, making decisions, preferring to gain approval

109
Q

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

May not have true obsessions or compulsions, but instead accumulate objects
Perfectionist, rigid, stubborn, need to control interpersonally and mentally

110
Q

Stress-diathesis theory

A

Genetic inheritance provides biological predisposition to schizophrenia, but stressors elicit onset of disease

111
Q

Dopamine hypothesis

A

Hyperactive dopamine pathways in people with schizophrenia

Overabundance of dopamine and oversensitive receptors

112
Q

Schizophrenia physical brain signs

A

Hypoactivation of frontal lobe causing negative symptoms
Smaller brains - atrophy
Increased ventricles and enlarged sulci and fissures

113
Q

Dementia

A

Severe loss of cognitive ability beyond normal aging

114
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia starting at most recent memories
Neuritic plaques of beta-amyloid protein and neurofibrilary tangles

115
Q

Parkinson’s

A

Caused by death of cells that secrete dopamine in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra
Resting tremor, slow movement, rigidity

116
Q

Attitude

A

Person’s beliefs, feelings about people and events, tendency to react behaviourally based on those underlying evaluations

117
Q

ABCs of attitude

A

Affect, behavioural tendencies, cognition

118
Q

Principle of aggregation

A

An attitude affects a person’s aggregate or average behaviour, but not necessarily each isolated act

119
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

We feel tension whenever we hold two thoughts or beliefs that are incompatible, or when attitudes and behaviours do not match

MCAT Psychology + Sociology (5 decks)

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