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MCAT Psychology + Sociology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Selective attention

A

One input is attended to, rest are tuned out

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2
Q

Broadbent Filter Model of Selective Attention

A

Inputs first enter sensory buffer, and then selected/filtered by physical characteristics of the input. Information gets transformed into short term memory

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3
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

Information of importance from previously unattended channels catches your attention

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4
Q

Anne Treisman’s Attentuation Model

A

Mind has a “volume knob” that turns down sensory information vs. removing it

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5
Q

Selective priming

A

People can be selectively primed to observe something, by frequently encountering it

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6
Q

Spotlight model

A

Spotlight can beam anywhere on visual field - movement of attention, but not movement of eyes

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7
Q

Binding problem

A

Relating characteristics to a thing: if someone is too distracted, or observing two things, they might confuse the colours

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8
Q

Divided attention

A

If/when we are able to perform multiple tasks

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9
Q

Resource model of attention

A

We have a limited pool of resources on which to draw while performing tasks

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10
Q

Information processing models (2 assumptions)

A
  1. Information is taken from the environment

2. Information is processed in series of steps: attenion, perception and storage into memory

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11
Q

Alan Baddeley’s model

A

Short-term memory: working memory

4 components

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12
Q

4 components of working memory

A
  1. Phonological loop
  2. Visuospacial sketchpad
  3. Episodic buffer
  4. Central executive
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13
Q

Phonological loop

A

Allows us to repeat verbal information to help remember

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14
Q

Visuospacial sketchpad

A

Mental images to remember

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15
Q

Episodic buffer

A

Integrates information from phonological loop and visuospacial sketchpad with sense of time and interface with long term memory stores

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16
Q

Central executive

A

Oversees processes by phonological loop, visuospacial sketchpad and episodic buffer, and orchestrates process by shifting/dividing attention

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17
Q

Jean Piaget

A

One of first developmental psychologists

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18
Q

Schemas

A

Mental frameworks that shape and are shaped by experience

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19
Q

Assimilate

A

Conforming information into existing schemas

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20
Q

Accomodate

A

Adjusting schemas to take into account new experiences

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21
Q

Piaget’s 4 developmental stages

A
  1. Sensorimotor Stage
  2. Preoperational Stage
  3. Concrete Operational Stage
  4. Formal Operational Stage
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22
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Birth - 2yo

Object permanence

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23
Q

Preoperational stage

A

2-7yo

Learning about symbols - words/images

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24
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

7-11yo
Thinking logically about concrete events
Conservation

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25
Q

Conservation

A

Volume remain the same regardless of change in shape

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26
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

12-adulthood

Abstract reasoning and moral reasoning

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27
Q

Heuristics

A

Mental shortcuts

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28
Q

Insight

A

Sudden inspiration

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29
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Tendency to search only for information that confirms preconceived thinking

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30
Q

Fixation

A

Inability to see problem from fresh perspective

Results from existence of mental set

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31
Q

Mental set

A

Tendency to fixate on solutions that works in the past, but may not apply to current situation

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32
Q

Functional fixation

A

Tendency to perceive functions of objects as fixed and unchanging

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33
Q

Belief bias

A

Tendency to judge arguments based on what one believes about their conclusions rather than logic

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34
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Tendency to cling to beliefs despite presence of contrary evidence

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35
Q

Over confidence

A

Overestimation of accuracy of knowledge and judgements

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36
Q

Frame

A

How something is presented to make it more favourable

37
Q

Consciousness

A

Awareness we have of ourselves, our internal states, and the environment

38
Q

Alertness

A

Ability to remain attentive to what is going on

39
Q

Polysomnography

A

Multimodel technique to measure physiological processes during sleep

40
Q

Components of polysomnography (3)

A
  1. Electroencephalogram
  2. Electromyogram
  3. Electrooculogram
41
Q

Alpha waves

A

Awake, but sleepy and relaxed

42
Q

Stage 1 sleep

A

non-REM sleeep

Theta waves

43
Q

Stage 2 sleep

A

K-complexes and sleep spindles

44
Q

K-complex

A

1/2 second

Single wave among theta waves

45
Q

Sleep spindles

A

Bursts of waves, 12-14 hz

46
Q

Stage 3 + 4 sleep

A

Delta waves

High-frequency waves decrease

47
Q

REM sleep

A

Bursts of quick eye movement
Last stage of sleep
Low muscle movement - paradoxical sleep

48
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Biological waxing and waining of alertness over 24h day

49
Q

REM rebound

A

Missing REM sleep one night causing increase in REM sleep next night

50
Q

Manifest content

A

Freud believes its symbolic of underlying latent content

51
Q

Latent content

A

Unconscious drives and wishes that are difficult to express

52
Q

Activation synthesis theory

A

Dreams are byproducts of the brain activation during REM sleep

53
Q

Dyssomnias

A

Abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep, including narcolepsy, insomnia, and sleep apnea

54
Q

Insomnia

A

Most common sleep disorder, difficulty falling or staying asleep

55
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Periodic, overwhelming sleepiness during waking periods that last less than 5 min
NT: hypocretin

56
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Intermittently stop breathing during sleep

57
Q

Parasomnias

A

Abnormal behaviours that occur during sleep

58
Q

Somnabulism

A

Sleep walking

During slow wave sleep - stage 3

59
Q

Night terrors

A

Occur during stage 3

60
Q

Hypnotism

A

Social interaction in which hypnotist: allowing them to let go
Not everyone is as susceptible

61
Q

False memories

A

Using imagination to create inaccurate memories

62
Q

Dissociation theory

A

Hypnotism is an extreme form of divided consciousness

63
Q

Social influence theory

A

People do and report what’s expected of them: such as an actor lost in their roll
(Re: hypnotism)

64
Q

Mindfulness-based stress reduction

A

Protocol commonly used in medical setting to alleviate stress

65
Q

Depressants

A

Drugs that depress neural activity

66
Q

Barbiturates

A

Depress sympathetic nervous system

67
Q

Opiates

A

Derivatives of opium
Depress neural functioning
Reduce pain by mimicking brain’s pain relievers (endorphins)

68
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Psychedelics

Distort perceptions in absence of sensory input

69
Q

Psychological dependence

A

Use of drugs due to painful emotions

70
Q

Physical dependence

A

Evidenced by withdrawal

71
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

Pleasure center of the brain

72
Q

3 components of emotion

A
  1. Physiological
  2. Behavioural
  3. Cognitive
73
Q

Universal emotions

A

6

Happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, anger

74
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

Relationship between performance and emotion is upsidedown U

75
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

We experience the physiological arousal, and then understand what emotion it is attributed to (1-1 correlation between physical state and emotion)

76
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

After a stimulus, the physiological response and experience of emotion occur simultaneously and independently

77
Q

Schachter-Singer Theory

A

Once we experience physiological arousal, we make a conscious cognitive interpretation based on our circumstances that allow us to identify the emotion we are experiencing

78
Q

Limbic system

A

Collection of structures that lie on both side of thalamus, primarily responsible for emotional experiences

79
Q

Hippocampus

A

Part of the limbic system

Responsible for memories

80
Q

Phineas Gage

A

Damage to prefrontal cortex during work, became different person: impulsive, lacking empathy

81
Q

Appraisal

A

How stressful an event is to an individual

82
Q

Catastrophes

A

Unpredictable, large-scale events

Dangerous and stress-inducing

83
Q

Significant life changes

A

Common in young adults, cause high levels of sress

84
Q

Daily hassles

A

Everyday irritants

Can accumulate and lead to health problems

85
Q

Learned helplessness

A

Sense of exhaustion and lack of belief in ability to manage situations
Caused by perceived lack of control over situations

86
Q

Cortisol

A

Glucocorticoid, shifts body form using sugar, towards fat

87
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Located in dominant hemisphere (left) in frontal lobe

Speech production

88
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Posterior section of temporal lobe

Comprehension of speech and written language

MCAT Psychology + Sociology (5 decks)

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