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MCAT Psychology + Sociology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Self-concept/self-identity

A

Sum of individuals knowledge and understanding of themselves

Physical, psychological, and social attributes

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2
Q

Self-consciousness

A

Awareness of one’s self

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3
Q

Personality identity

A

Ones own sense of personal attributes

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4
Q

Social identity

A

Social definitions of who you are - race, gender, occupation

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5
Q

Self-reference effect

A

Tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves

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6
Q

Ideal self

A

Constructed out of life experiences, societal expectations, and things you admire in role models

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7
Q

Incongruity

A

When ideal self does not equal real self

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8
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Beliefs in one’s own competence and effectiveness

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9
Q

Locus of control

A

Internal or external

What forces are controlling outcomes

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10
Q

Self-esteem

A

Overall evaluation of one’s self-worth

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11
Q

Looking-glass self

A

Person’s sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society and the perceptions of others
People shape their self-concepts based on their understanding of how other perceive them

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12
Q

Social behaviourism

A

Mind and self emerge through the process of communicating with others

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13
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

Mind and self merge through social process of communication or use of symbols

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14
Q

Generalized other

A

Common behavioural expectations of general society

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15
Q

Socialization

A

Process through which people learn to be proficient and functional members of society

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16
Q

Norms

A

Spoken and unspoken rules and expectations for the behaviour of its members

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17
Q

Normative behaviour

A

Social behaviours that follow norm expectations and meet ideal social standard

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18
Q

Sanctions

A

Normative behaviour is enforced using rewards and punishments

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19
Q

Formal norms

A

Generally written down - laws

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20
Q

Informal norms

A

Generally understood but less precise

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21
Q

Mores

A

Norms that are highly important for the benefit of society and are often strictly enforced

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22
Q

Folkways

A

Norms that are less important but shape everyday behaviour

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23
Q

Anomie

A

Social condition where individuals are not provided with firm guidelines in relation to norms and values
Minimal moral guidance or social ethic
State of normlessness

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24
Q

Non-normative behaviour

A

Viewed as incorrect because it challenges shared values and institutions

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25
Q

Deviance

A

Actions that violate the dominant social norms, whether formal or informal

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26
Q

Differential association

A

Deviance is a learned behaviour resulting from interactions between individuals and their communities

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27
Q

Labeling theory

A

Deviance is the result of society’s response to a person, rather than something inherent in the person’s actions
Behaviours become deviant through social processes

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28
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecies

A

Individuals internalizing labels and redefining concept of self

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29
Q

Agents of social control

A

Groups or individuals that can define societal impressions

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30
Q

Structural strain theory

A

Deviance is the result of experienced strain, either individual or structural

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31
Q

Collective behaviour

A

Spontaneous situations where people engage in actions that are otherwise unacceptable and violate social norms

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32
Q

Crowds

A

Group of people that share a purpose
Thought to be emotional
Herd behaviour

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33
Q

Public

A

Group of individuals discussing a single issue, which conflicts with the common usage of the term

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34
Q

Mass

A

Group of people whose formation is prompted through efforts of mass media
Share common interest

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35
Q

Social movements

A

Collective behaviour with the intention of promoting change

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36
Q

Active movement

A

Attempt to foster social change

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37
Q

Expressive movements

A

Attempt to foster individual change

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38
Q

Fad

A

Collective behaviour where something has rapid and dramatic incline in reputation, remains popular for a brief period of time, and has rapid and dramatic decline in reputation

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39
Q

Mass hysteria

A

Collective behaviour

Collective delusion of some threat that spreads through emotions, and escalates to spiral out of control

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40
Q

Riots

A

Collective behaviour
Crowd behaviour
No specific end
Result of general dissatisfaction with social conditions

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41
Q

Amalgamation

A

When minority and majority groups combine to form new group

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42
Q

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

A

Six identifiably developmental stages of moral reasoning, which form basis of ethical behaviour

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43
Q

Kohlberg stage 1

A

Obedience and punishment orientation - learning how to avoid punishment

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44
Q

Kohlberg stage 2

A

Self-interest orientation

Focus on behaviour that will be in their best interest

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45
Q

Kohlberg stage 3

A

Interpersonal accord and conformity

Focus on approval and disapproval of others and try to live up to expectations

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46
Q

Kohlberg stage 4

A

Authority and social-order maintaining orientation

Individuals feel a duty to uphold laws, rules, and social conventions

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47
Q

Kohlberg stage 5

A

Individuals see laws as social contracts to be changed when they do not promote general welfare

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48
Q

Kohlberg stage 6

A

Morality is based on abstract reasoning using universal ethical principles: laws are only valid if they are grounded in justice

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49
Q

Attribution theory

A

Social psychological attempts to explain how individuals view behaviour

50
Q

Dispositional attribution

A

Attributing behaviours to internal causes

51
Q

Situational attribution

A

Attributing behaviours to external causes

52
Q

Three factors that determine attribution

A
  1. Consistency
  2. Distinctiveness
  3. Consensus
53
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

We tend to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of a person’s character or personality

54
Q

Actor-observer bias

A

Tendency to blame our actions on situation and those of others on personalities

55
Q

Self-serving bias

A

Tendency to attribute successes to ourselves and our failures to others or the external environment

56
Q

Optimism bias

A

Belief that bad things happen to other people, but not us

57
Q

Just world phenomenon

A

Tendency to believe that the world is fair and people get what they deserve

58
Q

Halo effect

A

Tendency to believe that people have inherently good or bad natures, rather than looking at individual characteristics

59
Q

Physical attractiveness stereotype

A

People tend to rate attractive people more favourably for personality traits and characteristics than they do those who are less attractive

60
Q

Social perception

A

Understanding of others in our social world

61
Q

Social cognition

A

Ability of the brain to store and process information regarding social perception

62
Q

False consensus

A

We assume that everyone else agrees with what we do

63
Q

Projection bias

A

When we assume others have same beliefs we do

64
Q

Illusory correlation

A

New, different draws more attention

65
Q

Stereotype threat

A

Self-fulfilling fear that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

66
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Judging cultures based on its own standards

67
Q

Group

A

Collection of any number of people who regularly interact and identity with each other, sharing similar norms, values and expectations

68
Q

Primary groups

A

Smaller, engage in personal, long-term ways

69
Q

Secondary groups

A

Larger, more impersonal, and may interact for specific reasons for shorter periods of time

70
Q

Expressive functions

A

Meeting emotional needs

71
Q

Instrumental functions

A

Meeting pragmatic needs

72
Q

In-group

A

A group that an individual belongs to, and is integral to identity

73
Q

Out-group

A

A group that an individual is not a part of

People tend to have a lesser opinion of out-groups

74
Q

Reference groups

A

Standard measure that people compare themselves to

75
Q

Dyad

A

Smallest group, containing 2 members

76
Q

Triad

A

Containing 3 members

77
Q

Aggregate

A

People who exist in the same space but do not interact or share a common sense of identity

78
Q

Category

A

Group of people who share similar characteristics but are not otherwise tied together

79
Q

Bureaucracy

A

Administrative body and the processes by which this body accomplishes work tasks

80
Q

Max Weber

A

Developed bureaucracy

Thought it necessary for society to function

81
Q

Rationalization

A

Process by which tasks are broken down into component parts to be efficiently accomplished by workers within the organization

82
Q

Iron Law of Oligarchy

A

Paradoxical feature of organizations

Purpose is to tackle tasks in revolutionary ways, but become less revolutionary as they become more organized

83
Q

Mere presence

A

In same area, doing their own tasks individually

84
Q

Social facilitation effect

A

People make decisions, or can perform tasks better in the presence of others
For simple, practiced tasks

85
Q

Deindividuation

A

In situation with high degree of arousal, but low sense of responsibility
People may lose sense of restraint and their individual identity in exchange for identifying with a group or mob mentality

86
Q

Bystander effect

A

People are less likely to help if there are bystanders

Kitty Genovese

87
Q

Social loafing

A

People tend to put in less effort if being evaluated as a group instead of individually

88
Q

Group polarization

A

Groups tend to intensify pre-existing views of their members

More extreme collective view than average of initial members views

89
Q

Informational influence

A

The most common ideas emerging are those that favour dominant viewpoint, therefore giving it more influence

90
Q

Normative influence

A

Influenced by wanting to be accepted or admired

91
Q

Social comparisons

A

Evaluating your opinions by comparing them to those of others

92
Q

Groupthink

A

State of harmony in a group, where people do not bring up conflicting ideas

93
Q

Mindguarding

A

Group members prevent dissenting opinions from permeating the group by filtering out information

94
Q

Solomon Asch

A

Wanted to research peer pressure

Used visual tests alone/in presence of other people

95
Q

Confederates

A

People included in an experiment - not experiment subjects

96
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

Allowed people to use “shocks” to punish people for getting questions wrong
Few questioned use of shocks, many kept increasing volts

97
Q

Compliance

A

Motivated by rewards or avoidance of punishment

98
Q

Identification

A

Motivated by desire to be like another person or group

99
Q

Internalization

A

Motivated by values and beliefs that have ben integrated into own value system

100
Q

Normative social influence

A

Motivation is desire for approval of others and to avoid rejection

101
Q

Informational social influence

A

Process of complying because we do not know what to do, or we think others know better

102
Q

Factors influencing conformity (6)

A
  1. Group size
  2. Unanimity
  3. Cohesion
  4. Status
  5. Accountability
  6. No prior commitment
103
Q

Master status

A

Status that dominates all others and determine’s individuals place in society

104
Q

Ascribed statuses

A

Those assigned to a person by society, regardless of person’s own efforts

105
Q

Achieved statuses

A

Due to individual’s efforts

106
Q

Role conflict

A

Conflict in society’s expectations for multiple statuses held by the same person

107
Q

Role strain

A

When a single status results in conflicting expectations

108
Q

Role exit

A

Disengaging from a role that has become closely tied to one’s self-identity to take on another

109
Q

Utilitarian organizations

A

People get paid for their efforts

110
Q

Normative organization

A

Motivate membership based on morally relevant goals

111
Q

Coercive organizations

A

People do not have a choice in joining

112
Q

Impression management/self-presentation

A

Conscious or unconscious process whereby people attempt to manage their own images by influencing the perceptions of others

113
Q

Self-handicapping

A

People create obstacles and excuses to avoid self-blame when they perform poorly

114
Q

Dramaturgical perspective

A

We imagine ourselves playing certain roles when interacting with others
Our identities are not stable, but reliant on our interactions with other people
Stems from symbolic interactionism

115
Q

Front stage

A

Social interaction, we play a role and use impression management to craft the way we come across to other people

116
Q

Back stage

A

Social interaction

We let down our guard and be orselves

117
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

People prefer repeated exposure to the same stimuli

Familiarity breeds fondness

118
Q

Frustration-aggression principle

A

When someone is blocked from achieving a goal, frustration can cause anger, leading to aggression

119
Q

Foraging

A

Search for, and exploitation of food resources by animals

120
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

Number of offspring organism has, how it supports its offspring, and how its offspring supports others in a group

121
Q

Altruistic behaviour

A

A behaviour that helps ensure the success or survival of the rest of a social group
Possibly at the expense of the success or survival or the individual

122
Q

Evolutionary game theory

A

Used to try to predict large complex systems, such as the overall behaviour of a population

MCAT Psychology + Sociology (5 decks)

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