Chapter 8

Question 1

what are the six steps to any resistance exercise?

Answer 1

(what is the motion to be performed?)

• determine the direction of resistance
• determine the starting position
• monitor joint position/stabilization
• monitor the path of motion
• determine and monitor the range of motion

Question 2

what are the three types of range of motion?

Answer 2

passive, active, resisted

Question 3

what is active range of motion?

Answer 3

your muscular ability to move

Question 4

what are the five sections that make up the vertebral column?

Answer 4

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Question 5

how many vertebrae make up the vertebral column?

Answer 5

33 vertebrae

Question 6

what are the four spinal motions?

Answer 6

flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation

Question 7

what is the number one cause of back pain?

Answer 7

long periods out of a neutral spine

Question 8

how much does the intradiskal pressure increase when someone goes from a standing position to a seated position?

Answer 8

30% - 40%

Question 9

(T/F) ? when training the rectus abdominis you can’t create regional emphasis on upper or lower abs.

Answer 9

false; you can create regional emphasis because of segmental nerve innervation.

Question 10

what muscles play a role in stabilizing the trunk?

Answer 10

back extensors, lateral flexors, anterior abdominals

Question 11

what should you look for when assessing someone’s posture?

Answer 11

• know your limitations
• know when to refer
• minimize clothing
• analyze “natural” posture

Question 12

when beginning a strength program what should precede mobility?

Answer 12

stability before mobility

Question 13

what is the law of facilitation?

Answer 13

when an impulse passes once through a given set of neurons to the exclusion of others it will tend to do so on future occasion and each time it travels this path the resistance will be smaller.

Question 14

what is the goal of the seated posture trainer exercise?

Answer 14

to teach proper body alignment and increase postural control and strength.

Question 15

what is abdominal coordination?

Answer 15

the ability to stabilize the pelvis and lumbar curvature while simultaneously raising and lowering the leg (s).

Question 16

what is the key to using the back extension machine?

Answer 16

the key is control. do not allow the machine to push you into slouched position. (spinal flexion)

Question 17

what is the shoulder girdle composed of? what is the shoulder girdle a foundation for?

Answer 17

clavicle and scapula. the foundation for the head, neck, and upper extremity.

Question 18

what are the motions of the shoulder girdle?

Answer 18

elevation, depression, abduction, adduction

Question 19

what is scapulohumeral rhythm?

Answer 19

the relationship between the shoulder joint and the scapulothoracic joint. two degrees of shoulder motion for every one degree of scapulothoracic motion.

Question 20

what is considered to be normal ROM in shoulder flexion?

Answer 20

160 - 180 degrees

Question 21

what are the SITS muscles?

Answer 21

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis.

Question 22

what are the three divisions of the pectoral is major?

Answer 22

clavicular, sternal, and costal fibers

Question 23

when performing a lateral raise what is the prime mover?

Answer 23

deltoid

Question 24

what is the strongest, heaviest, and longest bone in the body?

Answer 24

femur

Question 25

each hip bone is fused by which three bones?

Answer 25

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

Question 26

what is the true function of the hip abductors?

Answer 26

to maintain pelvic stability in single leg standing.

Question 27

what bones make up the knee joint?

Answer 27

the knee is formed by the articulation of the distal femur and proximal tibia. together they form the tibia-femoral (or knee) joint.

Question 28

how is lower extremity alignment accomplished?

Answer 28

by ensuring that the femur is directed toward the toes

Question 29

the ankle is a hinge joint formed by what bones?

Answer 29

the tibia, fibula, and talus

Question 30

what two muscles make up the calf muscles?

Answer 30

gastrocnemius and soleus

Question 31

what action does the gastrocnemius perform?

Answer 31

flexes the leg: and plantar flexes the foot

Question 32

when performing a prone leg curl the pivot point of the machine should be lined up with the?

Answer 32

axis of rotation of the knee