Chapter 7

Question 1

what are the three major components of the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 1

bones, skeletal muscle, connective tissue

Question 2

what are the two parts that make up the skeletal system?

Answer 2

axial and appendicular

Question 3

(T/F) ? the axial skeleton consists of the upper and lower extremities.

Answer 3

false. the axial skeleton consists of the head, neck, and trunk.

Question 4

what are the two most important functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 4

leverage and support

Question 5

what is a lever arm?

Answer 5

a lever arm is the distance from the axis or fulcrum to the point at which a force is applied to the lever.

Question 6

what is a fulcrum?

Answer 6

the pivot point of a lever

Question 7

what are the three types of lever systems?

Answer 7

first class, second class, third class

Question 8

what is the most rigid connective tissue found in the human body?

Answer 8

bone

Question 9

what is trabeculae?

Answer 9

plates of calcified tissue that make up the innermost layer of bone.

Question 10

what is the strong fibrous membrane that offer strength and stiffness to the skeleton?

Answer 10

periosteum

Question 11

what are some examples of long bones?

Answer 11

humerus, radius, ulna, femur, fibula, tibia, metatarsals, metacarpals, phalanges

Question 12

what are some examples of flat bones?

Answer 12

ribs, ilium, sternum, scapula

Question 13

what are irregular bones?

Answer 13

the bones found in the skull, pelvis, vertebrae and consist of spongy bone with then compact bone on the exterior.

Question 14

what is wolf’s law?

Answer 14

every change in the form and function of a bone or of their function alone is followed by certain definitive changes in their internal architecture and equally definite secondary alteration in their external conformation, in accordance with mathematical laws.

Question 15

(T/F) ? one of the benefits of exercise is that it helps increase bone mass.

Answer 15

true

Question 16

(T/F) ? the two categories of joints are synarthroses (non-synovial joints) and diarthroses (synovial joints).

Answer 16

true

Question 17

the cartilaginous joints are made of what cartilage?

Answer 17

fibrocartilage or hyaline growth cartilage.

Question 18

(T/F) ? in diarthrodial (synovial ) joints, the ends of the bones of the ones are free to move in relation to one another.

Answer 18

true

Question 19

all synovial joints have what five characteristics?

Answer 19

joint capsule, a joint cavity enclosed by the joint capsule, a synovial membrane that Ines the inner surface of the capsule, synovial fluid that forms a film over the joint surfaces, hyaline cartilage that covers the joint surfaces.

Question 20

what are proximal joints? example?

Answer 20

shoulder / hip are the most proximal and the foundation for the extremities. these joints generally have the greatest freedom of movement and have great deal od muscular support in fan-shaped arrangements.

Question 21

what are the distal joints? example?

Answer 21

complex in structure (wrist, ankle) with variety of motions available with intricate control.

Question 22

what does agonist mean? example?

Answer 22

a a muscle that is most effective in causing a certain joint movement. biceps brachia in a bicep curl.

Question 23

what opposes the agonist?

Answer 23

antagonist

Question 24

what is synergist? example?

Answer 24

a synergist is when two muscles have a common joint action but also have a joint action that opposes each other. there synergy occurs during the common joint action. (example) pectorals major and latissimus doors during internal rotation of the humerus.

Question 25

(T/F) ? A stabilizer is a muscle or set of muscles that steady or support a joint so another muscle or sets of muscles may move a portion of the body.

Answer 25

true

Question 26

which muscle dorsiflexes the foot?

Answer 26

tibialis anterior

Question 27

what is the action of the rectus abdominis?

Answer 27

compresses the abdomino-pelvic cavity; and flexes the vertebral column.

Question 28

what is the action of the transverses abdominis?

Answer 28

compresses the abdomino-pelvic cavity.

Question 29

what is the origin of the serrated anterior?

Answer 29

outer surface of the first nine ribs.

Question 30

what is the insertion of the pectorals major?

Answer 30

greater tubercle of the humerus

Question 31

what nerve innervates the deltoid?

Answer 31

axillary nerve

Question 32

what is the insertion of the biceps brachii?

Answer 32

tuberosity of the radius

Question 33

what is the origin of the brachioradialis?

Answer 33

lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus.

Question 34

what is the insertion of the psoas major? actions?

Answer 34

lesser trochanter of the femur. flex the high; flex the trunk on the femur.

Question 35

what makes up the posterior oblique system?

Answer 35

the posterior oblique system consists of the latissimus doors, gluteus maximus and the intervening thoraco-lumbar fascia.

Question 36

what makes up the anterior oblique system?

Answer 36

the anterior oblique system consists of the obliques and the contralateral adductor muscles and the intervening abdominal fascia.

Question 37

what makes up the deep longitudinal system?

Answer 37

the deep longitudinal system includes the erector spinal, the deep lamina of the thoraco-lumbar fascia, the sacrotuberus ligament and the biceps femoris muscle.

Question 38

what muscles make up the inner unit?

Answer 38

the inner unit consists pf the multifidus, transverses abdominis, diaphragm and the pelvic floor.

Question 39

what role does a muscle fiber’s arrangement play?

Answer 39

hinge - elbow and knee, this movement is limited to extension and flexion.

Question 40

what is a hinge joint?

Answer 40

ball and socket - shoulder and hip, this movement provides the widest range of motion in all planes.

Question 41

what is a ball and socket joint?

Answer 41

slow twitch and fast twitch. slow twitch - type I, red fiber, oxidative fibers, fatigue resistant. fast twitch - type II, white fibers, divided into type 2a and 2b, type 2a have moderate glycolytic and high oxidative capacities, type 2b have high glycolytic and low oxidative capacities.