Chapter 8

Question 1

innate

Answer 1

determined by factors present from birth

Question 2

innateness hypothesis

Answer 2

a hypothesis that humans are generally predisposed to learn and use language

Question 3

imitation theory

Answer 3

child language acquisition theory that claims that children aqcuire language by listening to speech around them and reproducing what they hear

Question 4

reinforcement theory

Answer 4

theory that child language acquisition which says that children learn to speak like adults because they are praised, rewarded, when they use the right forms and are corrected when they use the wrong ones

Question 5

active construction of a grammar theory

Answer 5

theory of child language which says that children acquire language by inventing rules of grammar based on a speech around them

Question 6

connectionist theories

Answer 6

theory of language acquisition theory which claims that children learn language through neutral connections in the brain

Question 7

social interaction theory

Answer 7

theory that claims that children acquire language through social interaction, in particular with older children and adults

Question 8

linguistic universals

Answer 8

property believed to be held in common by all natural languages

Question 9

universal grammar

Answer 9

theory that posits a set of grammatical characteristics shared by all natural languages

Question 10

neglected child

Answer 10

a child who is neglected by caretakers, often resulting in significantly lower exposure to language as a child

Question 11

feral children

Answer 11

child who grew up in the wild without care by human adults, often with animals

Question 12

homesign

Answer 12

a rudimentary visual gesture communication system that is developed and used by deaf children and their families when a signed language is not made available for their communication

Question 13

rules

Answer 13

formal statement of an observed generalization about patterns in language

Question 14

child directed speech

Answer 14

speech used by parents or caregivers when communicating with young children or infants.

Question 15

high amplitude sucking

Answer 15

experimental technique used to study sound discrimination in infants from birth to about six months infants are given a specific pacifier that is connected to a sound generating system.Each time they suck on pacific, it generates a noise. This noise is used to draw conclusions on discrimination abilities

Question 16

conditioned head turn procedure

Answer 16

technique usually used with infants between five and eighteen months with two phrases; conditioning and testing.

Question 17

onset time

Answer 17

in a syllable, any consonant(s) that occur before the rhyme

Question 18

articulatory gesture

Answer 18

a movement of a speech organ in the production of speech, for example, the movement of the velum for the production of nasal consonant

Question 19

babble

Answer 19

a phase in which the child produces meaningless sequences of consonants and vowels, Generally begins around the age of six months

Question 20

canonical babbling

Answer 20

the continuous repetition of sequences of vowels and consonants by infants; also called repeated babbling

Question 21

repeated babbling

Answer 21

the continuous repetition of sequences of vowels and consonants by infants; also called canonical babbling

Question 22

variegated babbling

Answer 22

production of meaningless consonant-vowel sequences by infants

Question 23

holophrastic stage

Answer 23

stage in first language acquisition during which children can produce only one word at a time

Question 24

telegraphic

Answer 24

a phase during child language acquisition in which children use utterances composed primarily of content words

Question 25

over generalization

Answer 25

relationship between child and adult applications of rules relative to certain contexts; a process in which children extend the application of linguistic rules to context beyond those in the adult language

Question 26

complexive context

Answer 26

a group of items that a child refers to with a single word for which it is not possible to single out any one unifying property

Question 27

overextension

Answer 27

relationship between child and adult application of rules relative to certain contexts; a process in which children extend the application of linguistic rules to contexts beyond those in the adult language

Question 28

under extension

Answer 28

application of a word to a smaller set of objects than is appropriate for mature adult speech or the usual definition of the word.

Question 29

relational term

Answer 29

relationship between adjective and noun reference where the reference of the adjective is determined relative to the noun reference

Question 30

deictic expressions

Answer 30

word or expression that takes its meaning relative to the time,place, and speaker of the utterance

Question 31

attention getters

Answer 31

word or phrase used to initiate an address to children

Question 32

attention holders

Answer 32

a tactic used to maintain children’s attention for extended amounts of time

Question 33

conversational turns

Answer 33

the contribution to a conversation made by one speaker from the time she takes the floor from another speaker to the time that she passes the floor on to another speaker

Question 34

bilingual

Answer 34

state of commanding two languages;having linguistic competence in two languages

Question 35

multilingual

Answer 35

state of commanding three or more languages

Question 36

simultaneous bilingualism

Answer 36

learning more than one language from birth

Question 37

sequential bilingualism

Answer 37

when children begin learning their second language as young children

Question 38

second language acquisition

Answer 38

acquisition of a language as a teenager or adult ( after the critical period)

Question 39

language mixing

Answer 39

using words or structural elements from more than one language within the same conversation

Question 40

foreign accent

Answer 40

an accent that is marked by the phonology of another language or other languages that are more familiar to the speaker