Chapter 8 Flashcards
innate
determined by factors present from birth
innateness hypothesis
a hypothesis that humans are generally predisposed to learn and use language
imitation theory
child language acquisition theory that claims that children aqcuire language by listening to speech around them and reproducing what they hear
reinforcement theory
theory that child language acquisition which says that children learn to speak like adults because they are praised, rewarded, when they use the right forms and are corrected when they use the wrong ones
active construction of a grammar theory
theory of child language which says that children acquire language by inventing rules of grammar based on a speech around them
connectionist theories
theory of language acquisition theory which claims that children learn language through neutral connections in the brain
social interaction theory
theory that claims that children acquire language through social interaction, in particular with older children and adults
linguistic universals
property believed to be held in common by all natural languages
universal grammar
theory that posits a set of grammatical characteristics shared by all natural languages
neglected child
a child who is neglected by caretakers, often resulting in significantly lower exposure to language as a child
feral children
child who grew up in the wild without care by human adults, often with animals
homesign
a rudimentary visual gesture communication system that is developed and used by deaf children and their families when a signed language is not made available for their communication
rules
formal statement of an observed generalization about patterns in language
child directed speech
speech used by parents or caregivers when communicating with young children or infants.
high amplitude sucking
experimental technique used to study sound discrimination in infants from birth to about six months infants are given a specific pacifier that is connected to a sound generating system.Each time they suck on pacific, it generates a noise. This noise is used to draw conclusions on discrimination abilities
conditioned head turn procedure
technique usually used with infants between five and eighteen months with two phrases; conditioning and testing.
onset time
in a syllable, any consonant(s) that occur before the rhyme
articulatory gesture
a movement of a speech organ in the production of speech, for example, the movement of the velum for the production of nasal consonant
babble
a phase in which the child produces meaningless sequences of consonants and vowels, Generally begins around the age of six months
canonical babbling
the continuous repetition of sequences of vowels and consonants by infants; also called repeated babbling
repeated babbling
the continuous repetition of sequences of vowels and consonants by infants; also called canonical babbling
variegated babbling
production of meaningless consonant-vowel sequences by infants
holophrastic stage
stage in first language acquisition during which children can produce only one word at a time
telegraphic
a phase during child language acquisition in which children use utterances composed primarily of content words
over generalization
relationship between child and adult applications of rules relative to certain contexts; a process in which children extend the application of linguistic rules to context beyond those in the adult language
complexive context
a group of items that a child refers to with a single word for which it is not possible to single out any one unifying property
overextension
relationship between child and adult application of rules relative to certain contexts; a process in which children extend the application of linguistic rules to contexts beyond those in the adult language
under extension
application of a word to a smaller set of objects than is appropriate for mature adult speech or the usual definition of the word.
relational term
relationship between adjective and noun reference where the reference of the adjective is determined relative to the noun reference
deictic expressions
word or expression that takes its meaning relative to the time,place, and speaker of the utterance
attention getters
word or phrase used to initiate an address to children
attention holders
a tactic used to maintain children’s attention for extended amounts of time
conversational turns
the contribution to a conversation made by one speaker from the time she takes the floor from another speaker to the time that she passes the floor on to another speaker
bilingual
state of commanding two languages;having linguistic competence in two languages
multilingual
state of commanding three or more languages
simultaneous bilingualism
learning more than one language from birth
sequential bilingualism
when children begin learning their second language as young children
second language acquisition
acquisition of a language as a teenager or adult ( after the critical period)
language mixing
using words or structural elements from more than one language within the same conversation
foreign accent
an accent that is marked by the phonology of another language or other languages that are more familiar to the speaker
