Chapter 3

Question 1

Sound Substitution

Answer 1

The process by which sounds that exist in a language a speaker knows are used to replace sounds that do not exist in that language when pronouncing the words of a foreign language.

Question 2

Phoneme

Answer 2

A class of speech sounds that seem to be variants of the same sound

Question 3

Allophone

Answer 3

Each member of a particular phoneme class

Question 4

Contrastive Distribution

Answer 4

A case in which the two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment , and using one rather than the other changes the meaning of the word

Question 5

Minimal Pair

Answer 5

A pair of words whose pronunciations differ by exactly one sound and that have different meanings

Question 6

Alternation

Answer 6

A difference between two or more phonetic forms that you might otherwise expect to be related

Question 7

Overlapping Distribution

Answer 7

Sounds that are in contrastive distribution and sounds that are in free variation

Question 8

Palatalization

Answer 8

Refers to a special type of assimilation in which a consonant becomes like a neighboring palatal.

Question 9

Dissimilation

Answer 9

The cause of two close or adjacent sounds to become less similar with respect to some property, by means of a change in one or both sounds.

Question 10

Phonological Rules

Answer 10

The mapping between phonemic and phonetic elements

Question 11

Voiceless stop insertion

Answer 11

between a nasal consonant and a voiceless fricative, a voiceless stop with the same place of articulation as the nasal is inserted.

Question 12

Deletion

Answer 12

Deletion rules eliminate a sound that was present at the phonemic level.Such rules apply more frequently to unstressed syllables and in casual speech

Question 13

Metathesis

Answer 13

The rules of metathesis change the order of sounds. In many instances, sounds metathesize in order to make words easier to pronounce or easier to understand.

Question 14

Strengthening

Answer 14

Rules of strengthening (also called fortition) make sounds stronger

Question 15

Weakening

Answer 15

rules of weakening (also called lenition) cause sounds to become weaker.

Question 16

Obstruents

Answer 16

produced with an obstruction of the air flow. The sounds in this category are stops, fricatives, and affricates.

Question 17

Sonorants

Answer 17

Segments produced with a relatively open passage for the air flow. Sonorants segments include nasals, liquids, glides, and vowels.

Question 18

Natural Class

Answer 18

A group of sounds in a language that share one or more articulatory or auditory property

Question 19

Obligatory english rules

Answer 19

These include aspiration, vowel nasalization, vowel lengthening and liquid and glide devoicing.

Question 20

Optional phonological rules

Answer 20

these may or may not apply in any given utterance. Optional rules are responsible for variation speech.

Question 21

Implication Law

Answer 21

The observation that the presence of the less common sound implies that the more common sound will also be used in the language.

Question 22

Phonotactic Constraints

Answer 22

Restrictions on possible combinations of sounds

Question 23

Noncontrastive

Answer 23

when sounds are noncontrastive in English, the interchanging the two does not result in a change of the meaning.

Question 24

Contrastive

Answer 24

When replacing one sound with the other in a word can change the words meaning.

Question 25

Complementary Distribution

Answer 25

Sounds in complementary distribution are considered to be allophones of the same phoneme.