Chapter 6

Question 1

Semantics

Answer 1

a subfield of linguistics that studies linguistic meaning and how expressions convey meanings

Question 2

Lexical Semantics

Answer 2

deals with the meanings of words and other lexical expressions, including the meaning relationships among them.

Question 3

Compositional semantics

Answer 3

concerned with phrasal meanings and how phrasal meanings are assembled

Question 4

referents

Answer 4

the particular entities in the world to which some expressions refers

Question 5

hyponymy

Answer 5

a word meaning relation

Question 6

sister terms

Answer 6

when two words in their reference, is intuitively, on the same level in the hierarchy

Question 7

synonym

Answer 7

two words are synonymous if they have exactly the same reference

Question 8

antonymy

Answer 8

in order for two words to be antonyms of one another, they must have meanings that are related,yet these meanings must contrast with eachother in some significant way

Question 9

complementary pairs

Answer 9

two words X and Y are complementary antonyms if there is nothing in the world that is a part of both X’s reference and Y’s reference.

Question 10

gradable pairs

Answer 10

everything must be one or the other or neither, but not both.

Question 11

reverses

Answer 11

are pairs of words that suggest some kind of movement, where one word in the pair suggests movement that “undoes” the movement suggested by the other.

Question 12

converses

Answer 12

with two opposing points of view; for one member of the pair to have reference, the other must as well.

Question 13

preposition

Answer 13

the claim expressed by a sentence

Question 14

truth value

Answer 14

the ability of a preposition to be true or false

Question 15

truth conditions

Answer 15

the conditions that would that would have to hold in the world in order for some preposition to be true

Question 16

entailment

Answer 16

a relationship between propositions where a proposition p is said to entail another proposition q just in case p is true, q has to be true as well

Question 17

mutual entailment

Answer 17

the relationship between two propositions where they entail one another

Question 18

incompatible

Answer 18

this means that it would be impossible for both of them to be true; that is, the truth conditions for one are incompatible with the truth conditions for one another

Question 19

principle of compositionality

Answer 19

the meaning of a sentence is a function of the meanings of the words it contains, and how these words are syntactically combined.

Question 20

compositional

Answer 20

principle of compositionality states that meanings of mulit-word expressions are compositional, predictable from the meanings of words and their syntactic combination

Question 21

idioms

Answer 21

a multi word lexical expressions whose meaning is not compositional

Question 22

pure intersection

Answer 22

the relationship between the reference of an adjective and a noun it modifies such that each picks out a particular group of things, and the reference of the resulting phrase is all of the things that are in both the reference set of the adjective and the reference set of the noun

Question 23

intersective adjectives

Answer 23

an adjective whose reference is determined independently from the reference of the noun that it modifies

Question 24

relative intersection

Answer 24

type of relationship between adjective and noun reference where the reference of the adjective is determined relative to the noun reference

Question 25

subsective relatives

Answer 25

adjectives whose reference is included in the set of things that the noun they modify refers to

Question 26

non intersection

Answer 26

an adjective whose reference is a subset of the set that the noun it modifies refers to,but that does not,in and of itself, refer to any particular set of things

Question 27

anti intersection adjectives

Answer 27

an adjective whose referents are not in the set referred to by the noun that it modifies

Question 28

sense

Answer 28

a mental representation of an expressions meaning

Question 29

reference

Answer 29

a component of linguistic meaning that relates the sense of some expression to entities in the outside world. The collection of all the referents of an expression

Question 30

gradable antonyms

Answer 30

words that are antonyms and denote opposite ends of a scale